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Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

APOLLOS

Apôtre chrétien d'origine juive, collaborateur et continuateur de Paul. Ce nom est une abréviation d'Apollonius, forme extrêmement commune dans les inscriptions du temps, et donnée par le ms. D, Ac 18:24.

1.

Sources. 1Co 1:12 3:4-6,22 4:6 16:12, Ac 18:24-28 19:1, peut-être aussi Tit 3:13.

2.

Origines et formation. D'après les Actes, Apollos était Juif d'Alexandrie, éloquent, érudit et versé dans l'exégèse de l'A.T. ; la même source nous donne un autre renseignement très curieux : Apollos était déjà chrétien avant son arrivée à Éphèse où il rencontra Paul et ses disciples. Il enseignait en effet, « avec ferveur et avec exactitude ce qui concerne Jésus... et prêchait hardiment dans la synagogue ». Mais son christianisme se distinguait de celui de Paul par le fait qu'il ne connaissait pas d'autre baptême que celui de Jean-Baptiste. Il ignorait donc et le baptême chrétien seulement par l'Esprit, dont parlent par ex. Mr 1:8, Ac 1:6, et le baptême chrétien par l'eau et par l'Esprit (Jn 3:5 et ép. de Paul) en usage dans les Églises pauliniennes. Aussi Apollos a-t-il dû être converti à Alexandrie ou ailleurs, par des missionnaires de la première heure ou du moins de la première espèce qui, comme Jésus et ses premiers disciples, n'avaient reçu d'autre baptême que celui de Jean.

3.

Conversion à l'Évangile paulinien. C'est à Éphèse qu'il reçut, d'Aquilas et de Priscille, l'enseignement chrétien complémentaire (Ac 18:26). Nous ne savons au juste si le baptême chrétien lui fut imposé. C'est extrêmement probable, d'après l'analogie de certains « disciples » mentionnés dans Ac 19:1-7, qui étaient à peu près dans le même cas.

4.

Rôle dans l'Église. Apollos se rendit d'Èphèse à Corinthe (Ac 19:1,1Co 1:12), où sa prédication fut tellement appréciée qu'un parti spécial se groupa autour de lui (1Co 1:12 3:4-6,22). Paul condamna ce schisme comme tous les autres, mais conserva à Apollos, qu'il considérait comme le continuateur de son oeuvre, et sa confiance et son affection ; il l'exhorta même à retourner à Corinthe, qu'il avait quittée entre temps (1Co 4:6 16:12). Cela prouve qu'Apollos, comme d'ailleurs Paul lui-même, n'a été que l'auteur involontaire de ces séparations. Nous ne savons rien sur son sort ultérieur, vu que l'identité du chrétien de même nom, mentionné par Tit 3:13, avec le nôtre n'est pas assurée.

5.

Écrits d'Apollos. Comme Apollos, d'après les Actes, excellait dans la démonstration de la messianité de Jésus par une exégèse de l'A.T. qui, étant donnée sa formation alexandrine, c-à-d. philonienne, ne pouvait être que l'explication allégorique et typologique, Luther et d'autres ont voulu lui attribuer ï'ép. anonyme adressée « aux Hébreux » (voir Luther, éd. Colangen, VII, 181 ; XVIII, 38). Cette hypothèse est généralement abandonnée de nos jours (voir Hébreux), mais l'enseignement de l'épître aux Hébreux peut cependant donner une idée assez exacte de ce que devait être celui d'Apollos.

6.

Tradition catholique. L'Église a canonisé Apollos avec un grand nombre de chrétiens du même nom et lui a consacré le 9 décembre. Jean H.

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    • Lévitique 9

      1 It happened on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel;
      2 and he said to Aaron, "Take a calf from the herd for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before Yahweh.
      3 You shall speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'Take a male goat for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both a year old, without blemish, for a burnt offering;
      4 and a bull and a ram for peace offerings, to sacrifice before Yahweh; and a meal offering mixed with oil: for today Yahweh appears to you.'"
      5 They brought what Moses commanded before the Tent of Meeting: and all the congregation drew near and stood before Yahweh.
      6 Moses said, "This is the thing which Yahweh commanded that you should do: and the glory of Yahweh shall appear to you."
      7 Moses said to Aaron, "Draw near to the altar, and offer your sin offering, and your burnt offering, and make atonement for yourself, and for the people; and offer the offering of the people, and make atonement for them; as Yahweh commanded."
      8 So Aaron drew near to the altar, and killed the calf of the sin offering, which was for himself.
      9 The sons of Aaron presented the blood to him; and he dipped his finger in the blood, and put it on the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at the base of the altar:
      10 but the fat, and the kidneys, and the cover from the liver of the sin offering, he burned upon the altar; as Yahweh commanded Moses.
      11 The flesh and the skin he burned with fire outside the camp.
      12 He killed the burnt offering; and Aaron's sons delivered the blood to him, and he sprinkled it around on the altar.
      13 They delivered the burnt offering to him, piece by piece, and the head: and he burned them upon the altar.
      14 He washed the innards and the legs, and burned them on the burnt offering on the altar.
      15 He presented the people's offering, and took the goat of the sin offering which was for the people, and killed it, and offered it for sin, like the first.
      16 He presented the burnt offering, and offered it according to the ordinance.
      17 He presented the meal offering, and filled his hand from there, and burned it upon the altar, besides the burnt offering of the morning.
      18 He also killed the bull and the ram, the sacrifice of peace offerings, which was for the people: and Aaron's sons delivered to him the blood, which he sprinkled around on the altar,
      19 and the fat of the bull and of the ram, the fat tail, and that which covers the innards, and the kidneys, and the cover of the liver:
      20 and they put the fat upon the breasts, and he burned the fat on the altar:
      21 and the breasts and the right thigh Aaron waved for a wave offering before Yahweh, as Moses commanded.
      22 Aaron lifted up his hands toward the people, and blessed them; and he came down from offering the sin offering, and the burnt offering, and the peace offerings.
      23 Moses and Aaron went into the Tent of Meeting, and came out, and blessed the people: and the glory of Yahweh appeared to all the people.
      24 There came forth fire from before Yahweh, and consumed the burnt offering and the fat upon the altar: and when all the people saw it, they shouted, and fell on their faces.

      Marc 1

      8 I baptized you in water, but he will baptize you in the Holy Spirit."

      Jean 3

      5 Jesus answered, "Most certainly I tell you, unless one is born of water and spirit, he can't enter into the Kingdom of God!

      Actes 1

      6 Therefore when they had come together, they asked him, "Lord, are you now restoring the kingdom to Israel?"

      Actes 18

      24 Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by race, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus. He was mighty in the Scriptures.
      25 This man had been instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in spirit, he spoke and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, although he knew only the baptism of John.
      26 He began to speak boldly in the synagogue. But when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him aside, and explained to him the way of God more accurately.
      27 When he had determined to pass over into Achaia, the brothers encouraged him, and wrote to the disciples to receive him. When he had come, he greatly helped those who had believed through grace;
      28 for he powerfully refuted the Jews, publicly showing by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ.

      Actes 19

      1 It happened that, while Apollos was at Corinth, Paul, having passed through the upper country, came to Ephesus, and found certain disciples.
      2 He said to them, "Did you receive the Holy Spirit when you believed?" They said to him, "No, we haven't even heard that there is a Holy Spirit."
      3 He said, "Into what then were you baptized?" They said, "Into John's baptism."
      4 Paul said, "John indeed baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying to the people that they should believe in the one who would come after him, that is, in Jesus."
      5 When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.
      6 When Paul had laid his hands on them, the Holy Spirit came on them, and they spoke with other languages and prophesied.
      7 They were about twelve men in all.

      1 Corinthiens 1

      12 Now I mean this, that each one of you says, "I follow Paul," "I follow Apollos," "I follow Cephas," and, "I follow Christ."

      1 Corinthiens 4

      6 Now these things, brothers, I have in a figure transferred to myself and Apollos for your sakes, that in us you might learn not to think beyond the things which are written, that none of you be puffed up against one another.

      Tite 3

      13 Send Zenas, the lawyer, and Apollos on their journey speedily, that nothing may be lacking for them.
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