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Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

BAAL (dieu)

1.

Dans son acception originelle et la plus large, ce mot avait pour l'Orient syro-phénicien le sens de possesseur, maître ; s'appliquant à quiconque exerce un droit de propriété, d'autorité ou de contrôle, il désignait le propriétaire d'un esclave, d'une bête, un chef et même les citoyens d'une ville (Ex 21:28, Jug 19:22 9:2, Esa 16:8), et par extension l'époux, « maître et seigneur » de sa femme (2Sa 11:26). Enfin, il fut couramment attribué aux nombreuses divinités cananéennes, sous le nom générique de Baal au singulier ou Baalim au pluriel (Jug 2:11 3:7 8:33 10:10,1Sa 12:10,1Ro 18:18).

2.

Les Baalim étaient des dieux locaux associés aux destinées des cités et des. bourgades. Chaque ville, chaque sanctuaire avait son baal particulier qui se distinguait des autres par un titre spécial (Baal-Zébub, Baal-Péor, etc.), et qui se doublait ordinairement d'une déesse ou baalat (voir Achéra, Astarté).

Le baalisme était une religion essentiellement agricole. Les Baals étaient, en effet, les époux et seigneurs du sol ; d'eux dépendaient la croissance des récoltes, la maturité des fruits, la prospérité : du bétail ; ils étaient associés à toutes les entreprises rurales, et le cultivateur, le vigneron, le berger leur vouaient une dévotion fervente. L'inspiration animiste de leur culte n'est donc guère contestable ; ils personnifiaient des forces naturelles (fertilité, germination), et on les adorait sur les hauts-lieux et dans les bocages sacrés. Les Arabes appellent encore terres de Bahl les régions rendues fertiles par une nappe d'eau souterraine.

3.

Sur les hauts-lieux et dans leurs bosquets, les Baalim avaient à leur service des prêtres (kemarini), chargés de présider aux rites (Sop 1:4). Ces rites, très sensuels et très cruels, comprenaient des incantations prophétiques (1Ro 18:25 et suivants) et une grande variété d'offrandes (Jer 7:9). Les Baals, d'un « tempérament farouche et envieux, réclamaient impérieusement le sang, non seulement des animaux, mais de l'homme. En temps ordinaire, celui-ci se rachetait en se mutilant ; dans les circonstances graves, cette substitution légère ne suffisait plus et le dieu voulait la mort des premiers-nés. Même, dans les cas de danger public, le roi et les nobles présentaient non plus une seule victime, mais tous ceux de leurs enfants que le dieu choisissait. On les brûlait vifs devant lui et l'odeur de leurs chairs apaisait sa colère : le chant des flûtes et le fracas des trompettes couvraient leurs cris de douleur et, pour que l'offrande fût efficace, la mère devait être là, impassible et vêtue de fête » (Maspéro, Hist. Anc., p. 401. Cf. 1Ro 18:28, Jer 19:5).

4.

Par suite de circonstances mal définies et de la prépondérance de certaines villes ou de certains sanctuaires, il arriva que les Baals locaux prirent le pas sur les autres (Baal-Péor, No 25:3 ; Baal-Zébub, 2Ro 1:2). On leur accorda même des pouvoirs plus abstraits, moins directement utilitaires (Baal-Bérith : Dieu du pacte, Jug 8:33) ; dans la Syrie du Nord, on trouve l'expression Baal des cieux (Baal-Chamaïm). Quelques-uns, étendant l'action de leur culte, devinrent des Baals types et souverains, tel le Baal ou Melkart de Tyr (1Ro 16:31-32 18:26 19:18), introduit à Samarie. Il semble donc bien que la multitude des Baalim ait graduellement tendu à se hiérarchiser et à se fondre dans une unité supérieure. Mais cette ascension vers le monothéisme ne fut jamais consommée et les Baals locaux subsistèrent à côté de Baals supérieurs, comme l'atteste ce reproche de Jérémie (VI e siècle av. J. -C.) : « Tu as autant de dieux que de villes, ô Juda ! » (Jer 11:13).

5.

Lorsque les Hébreux pénétrèrent en Canaan, le baalisme y était fortement et depuis longtemps établi, comme le prouvent les innombrables noms propres où entre le nom de Baal. (Noms de villes et de lieux : Baal-Hermon, Jug 3:3,1Ch 5:23 ; Baal-Thamar, Jug 20:33 ; Baal-Gad, Jos 11:17 12 7 13:5 ; Baala, Kirjath-baal ou Baalé de Juda, Jos 15:9 15:60,2Sa 6:2 ; Baal-Pératsim, 2 Sam 5:20,1Ch 14:11 ; Baal-Hatsor, 2Sa 13:23 : Baal-Salisa, 2Ro 4:42. Noms de personnes : Baal-Hanan, Ge 36:38 ; Baalis, Jer 40:14). Le baalisme était incorporé à l'existence et aux usages des populations rurales. En s'adaptant eux-mêmes à la vie agricole, les Israélites, jusqu'alors nomades, eurent tendance à s'approprier telles quelles les institutions et les coutumes imprégnées de baalisme cananéen et à admettre l'ingérence des Baals, divinités spécifiques de la culture du sol, en un domaine où ils n'avaient pas encore eu l'occasion de voir s'exercer l'empire de JHVH. A cette tendance naturelle, l'attrait sensualiste de leur culte ajoutait une tentation. Aussi des noms baalistes sont-ils bientôt adoptés par les Hébreux, soit pour leurs villes, (Baal-Méon, No 32:38) soit pour des personnes (Jérubbaal ou Gédéon, Jug 6:32 8:35 ; Esbaal, fils de Saül, 1Ch 8:33 ; Mérib-Baal, fils de Jonathan, 1Ch 9:40 ; Béeljada, fils de David, 1Ch 14:7 ; Béaliah, soldat de David, 1Ch 12:5). Jéhovah même, leur Dieu, est appelé Baal (Os 2:16). Mais dans une telle ambiance païenne, la religion du peuple élu risquait de se corrompre et de sombrer. Ses chefs spirituels, comprenant l'extrême gravité des compromissions baalistes, dénoncèrent le péril sans relâche. De là, entre JHVH et les Baa-lim, un conflit qui ne prit fin qu'avec la chute de Jérusalem et l'exil (voir L. Gautier, Études, pp. 112SS).

Dès la mort de Josué (Jug 2:11-13), au temps de Gédéon (Jug 6:25) et de Jephté (Jug 10:6), les Hébreux sont attirés par l'idolâtrie des Baals et reçoivent de sévères avertissements de leurs guides religieux. Au lendemain du schisme, le baalisme phénicien est introduit dans le royaume du Nord par Jézabel, femme d'Achab (1Ro 16:31-33) et combattu par Élie le Thisbite (1Ro 18) et par Jéhu (2Ro 10:18-28) ; il n'en relève pas moins la tête et se maintient à Samarie malgré les objurgations et les menaces d'Osée (Os 2 8:13 11:2). Dans le royaume de Juda, il est favorisé par Athalie, fille de Jézabel, supprimé par Jéhojada, tuteur de Joas (2Ro 11:18). Les rois Achaz (2Ro 16,2Ch 28:1-4) et Manassé (2Ro 21:2 ss) l'y restaurent. Josias l'abolit en réalisant la réforme deutéronomique (2Ro 23:1-20), mais ses successeurs le rétablissent dans toute sa vigueur. Les livres d'Os et de Jérémie nous apportent l'écho de cette lutte dramatique entre le spiritualisme jéhoviste et le paganisme baaliste. Si les efforts des prophètes échouèrent à provoquer un redressement collectif de leur peuple, ils déterminèrent néanmoins la naissance d'une élite et d'une minorité fidèles. Après le VIII° siècle av. J. -C., le terme même de Baal fut à ce point odieux aux Israélites pieux que non seulement il cessa d'être appliqué à JHVH, mais qu'il fut encore éliminé des noms composés et remplacé par la particule hochet (=honte) ; c'est ce qui ressort de certaines corrections apportées aux textes sacrés par les copistes de cette époque : Jérubbaal devient Jérubbéseth (2Sa 11:21) ; Esbaal, Isboseth (2Sa 2:8) ; Mérib-Baal, Méphi-boseth. --Voir (2Sa 9:6) Bertholet, < Hist. Civ. Isr., pp. 120ss. Jean R.

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      1 Samuel 12

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      2 Chroniques 28

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      Jérémie 19

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      Osée 2

      1 "Say to your brothers, 'My people!' and to your sisters, 'My loved one!'
      2 Contend with your mother! Contend, for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband; and let her put away her prostitution from her face, and her adulteries from between her breasts;
      3 Lest I strip her naked, and make her bare as in the day that she was born, and make her like a wilderness, and set her like a dry land, and kill her with thirst.
      4 Indeed, on her children I will have no mercy; for they are children of unfaithfulness;
      5 For their mother has played the prostitute. She who conceived them has done shamefully; for she said, 'I will go after my lovers, who give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, my oil and my drink.'
      6 Therefore behold, I will hedge up your way with thorns, and I will build a wall against her, that she can't find her way.
      7 She will follow after her lovers, but she won't overtake them; and she will seek them, but won't find them. Then she will say, 'I will go and return to my first husband; for then was it better with me than now.'
      8 For she did not know that I gave her the grain, the new wine, and the oil, and multiplied to her silver and gold, which they used for Baal.
      9 Therefore I will take back my grain in its time, and my new wine in its season, and will pluck away my wool and my flax which should have covered her nakedness.
      10 Now I will uncover her lewdness in the sight of her lovers, and no one will deliver her out of my hand.
      11 I will also cause all her celebrations to cease: her feasts, her new moons, her Sabbaths, and all her solemn assemblies.
      12 I will lay waste her vines and her fig trees, about which she has said, 'These are my wages that my lovers have given me; and I will make them a forest,' and the animals of the field shall eat them.
      13 I will visit on her the days of the Baals, to which she burned incense, when she decked herself with her earrings and her jewels, and went after her lovers, and forgot me," says Yahweh.
      14 "Therefore behold, I will allure her, and bring her into the wilderness, and speak tenderly to her.
      15 I will give her vineyards from there, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope; and she will respond there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt.
      16 It will be in that day," says Yahweh, "that you will call me 'my husband,' and no longer call me 'my master.'
      17 For I will take away the names of the Baals out of her mouth, and they will no longer be mentioned by name.
      18 In that day I will make a covenant for them with the animals of the field, and with the birds of the sky, and with the creeping things of the ground. I will break the bow, the sword, and the battle out of the land, and will make them lie down safely.
      19 I will betroth you to me forever. Yes, I will betroth you to me in righteousness, in justice, in loving kindness, and in compassion.
      20 I will even betroth you to me in faithfulness; and you shall know Yahweh.
      21 It will happen in that day, I will respond," says Yahweh, "I will respond to the heavens, and they will respond to the earth;
      22 and the earth will respond to the grain, and the new wine, and the oil; and they will respond to Jezreel.
      23 I will sow her to me in the earth; and I will have mercy on her who had not obtained mercy; and I will tell those who were not my people, 'You are my people;' and they will say, 'My God!'"

      Osée 8

      13 As for the sacrifices of my offerings, they sacrifice flesh and eat it; But Yahweh doesn't accept them. Now he will remember their iniquity, and punish their sins. They will return to Egypt.

      Osée 11

      2 They called to them, so they went from them. They sacrificed to the Baals, and burned incense to engraved images.
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