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Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

CIRCONCISION

Opération qui consiste dans l'ablation du prépuce. Cette pratique a toujours eu un caractère religieux. Son origine est assez obscure. Il est possible que les Israélites l'aient reçue des Égyptiens qui, selon Hérodote, l'observaient, au moins dans certains cas. Mais il n'est pas invraisemblable de penser que ce soit le peuple hébreu qui la leur ait transmise. Le fait qu'on utilisait parfois des pierres tranchantes pour la circoncision (Jos 5 : 2) semble en tout cas indiquer que cette coutume était fort ancienne.

D'après Ge 17:9-14,23-27 21:4, l'origine du rite de la circoncision remonte à Abraham, à qui Dieu l'imposa comme signe de l'alliance. La loi mosaïque reprend cette législation (Le 12:3, Ex 12:44-49). Ce dernier texte semble indiquer que la circoncision était déjà pratiquée par le peuple d'Israël et l'avait toujours été depuis Abraham. Il y eut pourtant des périodes où le rite ne fut pas observé : par ex., pendant le voyage au désert (Jos 5:2,8). Il faut en conclure que la loi, très ancienne, de la circoncision n'avait sans doute jamais été pratiquée strictement jusqu'à l'établissement du peuple en Canaan. Un passage curieux et très obscur semble le confirmer : Ex 4:24-26. Ce récit mystérieux est trop peu clair pour qu'aucune des tentatives d'explication qui en ont été faites puisse être satisfaisante. De toute façon, à partir de l'entrée en Palestine, la circoncision s'implanta solidement en Israël. Le terme « incirconcis » fut toujours une injure grave (Jug 14:3 15:18,1Sa 14:6 17:26,36).

La signification de cette coutume n'est pas très claire à l'origine. Peut-être faut-il, chez les peuples non bibliques, y rattacher une idée d'expiation sanglante ; ce serait un hommage à la divinité, la blessure faite à l'organe de la génération étant le symbole du sacrifice du fils premier-né. Peut-être aussi le but principal du rite fut-il de chercher, par un sacrifice de ce genre, à assurer la fécondité. Mais en Israël, l'idée qui domine est celle d'un acte de purification  : la cérémonie marquera le rejet d'une impureté qui interdit de faire partie du peuple élu, et le signe d'une alliance sacrée avec l'Éternel. Il est en tout cas impossible, comme certains l'ont tenté, d'expliquer l'introduction en Israël de la c. pour une raison d'hygiène. La loi exigeait la soumission à la circoncision pour tous les membres masculins de la communauté, le huitième jour après la naissance. Avec le temps, cette règle devint si rigoureuse, que le sabbat même n'était pas considéré comme un empêchement à la circoncision. Un proverbe juif dit : « La circoncision chasse le sabbat. » Primitivement, c'est le père de famille qui l'opère. Plus tard, on admit l'aide d'un médecin. Plus tard encore, et c'est l'usage actuel dans les communautés juives, un fonctionnaire spécial en fut chargé. Outre les enfants mâles, les esclaves étaient aussi circoncis, et même les étrangers qui voulaient participer à la Pâque.

Déjà dans l'A.T., le terme de « circoncision » est employé en un sens symbolique : un « coeur incirconcis » est un coeur qui conserve une impureté réprouvée par l'Éternel (Le 26:41, De 10:16 30:6, cf. Ac 7:51). On trouve aussi les expressions « lèvres, oreilles, incirconcises » (Jer 6:10, Ac 7:51).

Dans l'Église primitive, Paul eut à soutenir une âpre lutte contre ses adversaires judaïsants, pour décider si les païens pouvaient être reçus dans la communauté chrétienne sans la circoncision. Comme on le sait, Paul eut finalement gain de cause (Ac 15) ; mais cette question vitale--qui impliquait l'observation de toute la loi mosaïque (Ga 5:3) --fut le roc sur lequel se brisa l'union primitive du christianisme et du judaïsme, et qui servit de fondement à l'édifice de la pensée paulinienne sur le salut par grâce, sans les oeuvres de la loi. (cf. Ga 2:16 6:16) Aussi dans toute l'oeuvre de Paul retrouvons-nous l'affirmation joyeuse que la véritable circoncision est un culte spirituel fondé sur la foi en Jésus-Christ (Php 3:3). R. de R.

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Versets relatifs

    • Genèse 17

      9 God said to Abraham, "As for you, you will keep my covenant, you and your seed after you throughout their generations.
      10 This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your seed after you. Every male among you shall be circumcised.
      11 You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin. It will be a token of the covenant between me and you.
      12 He who is eight days old will be circumcised among you, every male throughout your generations, he who is born in the house, or bought with money from any foreigner who is not of your seed.
      13 He who is born in your house, and he who is bought with your money, must be circumcised. My covenant will be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant.
      14 The uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people. He has broken my covenant."
      23 Abraham took Ishmael his son, all who were born in his house, and all who were bought with his money; every male among the men of Abraham's house, and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the same day, as God had said to him.

      Genèse 21

      4 Abraham circumcised his son, Isaac, when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him.

      Exode 4

      24 It happened on the way at a lodging place, that Yahweh met Moses and wanted to kill him.
      25 Then Zipporah took a flint, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet; and she said, "Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me."
      26 So he let him alone. Then she said, "You are a bridegroom of blood," because of the circumcision.

      Exode 12

      44 but every man's servant who is bought for money, when you have circumcised him, then shall he eat of it.
      45 A foreigner and a hired servant shall not eat of it.
      46 In one house shall it be eaten; you shall not carry out anything of the flesh abroad out of the house; neither shall you break a bone of it.
      47 All the congregation of Israel shall keep it.
      48 When a stranger shall live as a foreigner with you, and will keep the Passover to Yahweh, let all his males be circumcised, and then let him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one who is born in the land: but no uncircumcised person shall eat of it.
      49 One law shall be to him who is born at home, and to the stranger who lives as a foreigner among you."

      Lévitique 12

      3 In the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised.

      Lévitique 26

      41 I also walked contrary to them, and brought them into the land of their enemies: if then their uncircumcised heart is humbled, and they then accept the punishment of their iniquity;

      Josué 5

      2 At that time, Yahweh said to Joshua, "Make flint knives, and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time."
      8 It happened, when they were done circumcising all the nation, that they stayed in their places in the camp until they were healed.

      Juges 14

      3 Then his father and his mother said to him, "Is there never a woman among the daughters of your brothers, or among all my people, that you go to take a wife of the uncircumcised Philistines?" Samson said to his father, "Get her for me; for she pleases me well."

      Juges 15

      18 He was very thirsty, and called on Yahweh, and said, "You have given this great deliverance by the hand of your servant; and now shall I die for thirst, and fall into the hand of the uncircumcised?"

      1 Samuel 14

      6 Jonathan said to the young man who bore his armor, "Come, and let us go over to the garrison of these uncircumcised. It may be that Yahweh will work for us; for there is no restraint on Yahweh to save by many or by few."

      Jérémie 6

      10 To whom shall I speak and testify, that they may hear? Behold, their ear is uncircumcised, and they can't listen. Behold, the word of Yahweh has become a reproach to them. They have no delight in it.

      Actes 7

      51 "You stiff-necked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the Holy Spirit! As your fathers did, so you do.

      Actes 15

      1 Some men came down from Judea and taught the brothers, "Unless you are circumcised after the custom of Moses, you can't be saved."
      2 Therefore when Paul and Barnabas had no small discord and discussion with them, they appointed Paul and Barnabas, and some others of them, to go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders about this question.
      3 They, being sent on their way by the assembly, passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles. They caused great joy to all the brothers.
      4 When they had come to Jerusalem, they were received by the assembly and the apostles and the elders, and they reported all things that God had done with them.
      5 But some of the sect of the Pharisees who believed rose up, saying, "It is necessary to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses."
      6 The apostles and the elders were gathered together to see about this matter.
      7 When there had been much discussion, Peter rose up and said to them, "Brothers, you know that a good while ago God made a choice among you, that by my mouth the nations should hear the word of the Good News, and believe.
      8 God, who knows the heart, testified about them, giving them the Holy Spirit, just like he did to us.
      9 He made no distinction between us and them, cleansing their hearts by faith.
      10 Now therefore why do you tempt God, that you should put a yoke on the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear?
      11 But we believe that we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they are."
      12 All the multitude kept silence, and they listened to Barnabas and Paul reporting what signs and wonders God had done among the nations through them.
      13 After they were silent, James answered, "Brothers, listen to me.
      14 Simeon has reported how God first visited the nations, to take out of them a people for his name.
      15 This agrees with the words of the prophets. As it is written,
      16 'After these things I will return. I will again build the tabernacle of David, which has fallen. I will again build its ruins. I will set it up,
      17 That the rest of men may seek after the Lord; All the Gentiles who are called by my name, Says the Lord, who does all these things.
      18 All his works are known to God from eternity.'
      19 "Therefore my judgment is that we don't trouble those from among the Gentiles who turn to God,
      20 but that we write to them that they abstain from the pollution of idols, from sexual immorality, from what is strangled, and from blood.
      21 For Moses from generations of old has in every city those who preach him, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath."
      22 Then it seemed good to the apostles and the elders, with the whole assembly, to choose men out of their company, and send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas: Judas called Barsabbas, and Silas, chief men among the brothers.
      23 They wrote these things by their hand: "The apostles, the elders, and the brothers, to the brothers who are of the Gentiles in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia: greetings.
      24 Because we have heard that some who went out from us have troubled you with words, unsettling your souls, saying, 'You must be circumcised and keep the law,' to whom we gave no commandment;
      25 it seemed good to us, having come to one accord, to choose out men and send them to you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul,
      26 men who have risked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
      27 We have sent therefore Judas and Silas, who themselves will also tell you the same things by word of mouth.
      28 For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit, and to us, to lay no greater burden on you than these necessary things:
      29 that you abstain from things sacrificed to idols, from blood, from things strangled, and from sexual immorality, from which if you keep yourselves, it will be well with you. Farewell."
      30 So, when they were sent off, they came to Antioch. Having gathered the multitude together, they delivered the letter.
      31 When they had read it, they rejoiced over the encouragement.
      32 Judas and Silas, also being prophets themselves, encouraged the brothers with many words, and strengthened them.
      33 After they had spent some time there, they were sent back with greetings from the brothers to the apostles.
      34
      35 But Paul and Barnabas stayed in Antioch, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord, with many others also.
      36 After some days Paul said to Barnabas, "Let's return now and visit our brothers in every city in which we proclaimed the word of the Lord, to see how they are doing."
      37 Barnabas planned to take John, who was called Mark, with them also.
      38 But Paul didn't think that it was a good idea to take with them someone who had withdrawn from them in Pamphylia, and didn't go with them to do the work.
      39 Then the contention grew so sharp that they separated from each other. Barnabas took Mark with him, and sailed away to Cyprus,
      40 but Paul chose Silas, and went out, being commended by the brothers to the grace of God.
      41 He went through Syria and Cilicia, strengthening the assemblies.

      Galates 2

      16 yet knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ, even we believed in Christ Jesus, that we might be justified by faith in Christ, and not by the works of the law, because no flesh will be justified by the works of the law.

      Galates 5

      3 Yes, I testify again to every man who receives circumcision, that he is a debtor to do the whole law.

      Galates 6

      16 As many as walk by this rule, peace and mercy be on them, and on God's Israel.
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