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MAIN

1.

SENS PROPRE.

Les guerriers antiques tenaient de la main gauche le bouclier pour se protéger, de la main droite l'épée pour attaquer ; d'où l'expression : « les armes offensives et défensives de la justice » (2Co 6:7). Le côté droit n'étant pas protégé, c'est, symboliquement, à droite d'un homme que se plaçait son accusateur au tribunal (Ps 109:6, Za 3:1), son défenseur (Ps 109:31), le personnage qu'il honorait de sa confiance (Ps 110:1, Lu 22:69, Ro 8:34).

Les guerriers gauchers sont signalés comme exceptionnels (Jug 3:15,21 20:16).

La main, instrument de la plupart des travaux, devient l'emblème du travail lui-même (Ps 90:17, Ec 9:10 etc.) ; expression du caractère, elle peut être main diligente ou paresseuse (Pr 12:24, Sir 25:33, etc.).

Considérée comme une mesure, la main représente une part, une portion (Ge 43:34 47:24, Da 1:20 ; hébr., cinq mains, dix mains) ; le palme et l'empan, comme le doigt, furent primitivement des mesures (voir Poids et mesures, parag. I).

Les Sémites regardaient vers l'Est pour s'orienter, d'où les expressions « à main droite » pour désigner le Sud. (1Sa 23:19-24,2Sa 24:5), « à main gauche » pourle Nord ; voir (Ge 14:15, Job 23:9) Orient.

Verser l'eau sur les mains de quelqu'un, c'est être à son service (2Ro 3:11).

Agiter la main en secouant la tête est signe de dérision (Sir 12:18).

Le baise-main est un hommage, parfois intéressé (Sir 29:5).

A table, chez les anciens, chacun met la main au plat pour se servir (Sir 31:14, Mr 14:20).

2.

SENS SYMBOLIQUE.

Par rapport à la tête qui décide, la main est l'agent, ou le pouvoir d'exécution (Mr 6:2, Ac 2:23 5:12 etc.).

De là nombre de gestes révélateurs de la volonté et passés dans des locutions proverbiales :

lever la main pour prêter serment (Ge 14:22, Ap 10 : et suivant) ; lever ou tendre les mains vers le ciel pour la prière (Ex 17:11, Ps 28:2, Sir 48:20) ; tendre les mains vers le pauvre pour lui faire l'aumône (Pr 31:20, Sir 7:32) ; regarder vers les mains d'autrui dans l'espoir d'en recevoir quelque chose (Sir 33:21) ; se mettre la main sur la bouche pour se contraindre au silence (Job 21:5, Pr 30:32, Sir 5:12, Sag 8:12), sur la tête en signe de désespoir (Jer 2:37) ; porter la main sur quelqu'un pour lui nuire (Ge 37:27,1Sa 22:17) ; livrer aux mains ou délivrer des mains, c-à-d, du pouvoir de quelqu'un (Mt 17:22, Lu 1:74 etc.).
Avoir les mains fortifiées, c'est prendre courage pour un travail (2Sa 2:7, Za 8:9-13 etc.).

Là où il y a beaucoup de mains, dit le moraliste méfiant, il est permis de fermer (Sir 42:6).

Imposer les mains à une personne, une assemblée, un animal, c'est faire passer en lui le bien ou le mal que l'on porte en soi, c'est bénir ou maudire ; voir (Ge 48:14, Ex 29:10, Le 16:21, Sir 50:20, Mr 10:16, Ac 6:6 19:6 etc.) Imposition des mains.

L'expression hébraïque : remplir les mains, signifie : consacrer (Sir 45:15).

Avoir les mains propres, c'est avoir bien agi (Job 22:30, Ps 24:4) ; se laver les mains d'un méfait, c'est s'en déclarer innocent (De 21:6, Ps 26:6, Mt 27:24), mais ce peut être aussi le symbole d'un réel repentir (Jas 4:8) ; se couper la main, c'est une image du sacrifice total du pécheur repentant (Mt 5:30).

Porter sur le front et la main l'empreinte du diable ou de Dieu signifie pour nous que la physionomie, l'aspect des mains révèlent l'inspirateur de nos pensées et de nos actes (Esa 44:5, Apo 13:16 14:9 20:4) ; mais l'origine de cette expression pourrait être cherchée dans les pratiques anciennes de tatouage (voir ce mot).

Par un anthropomorphisme coutumier dans la langue hébraïque, pauvre en termes abstraits, la main symbolise aussi le pouvoir d'agir de Dieu, sa toute-puissance. « Ce que sa bouche a dit, sa main l'accomplira » (Malan).

L'expression « à main forte et à bras étendu » dépeint en un style pittoresque la puissance divine capable d'agir ou de tenir « à bout de bras » (De 4:34 etc.) ; l'Éternel a « le bras long » (No 11:23).

Dans les récits d'Esdras et de Néhémie, sa « bonne main », traduction littérale conservée par Sg., c'est sa main protectrice, favorable (Esd 7:9 8:18, Ne 2:8-18 etc.).

L'homme est dans sa main comme l'argile dans la main du potier (Jer 18:8, Sir 33:13).

La main de Dieu, c'est-à-dire son pouvoir :

crée (Ps 102:26, Sir 43:12, Sag 11:17) et détruit (De 2:15) ; protège, (Sag 3:1 5:18 10:20, Lu 1:66, Jn 10:29, Ac 11:21) conduit (Sag 14:6) et punit (1Sa 12:15, Eze 13:9, Sir 36:3 et suivant, Ac 13:11, Heb 10:31) ; corrige (Esa 1:25) et fortifie (1Ro 18:46) ; gouverne (Sir 10:4 et suivant) et inspire (Esa 8:11, Eze 1:3 8:1 37:1) ;
C'est sa main qui recueille dans sa gloire (Lu 23:46). A cause de sa miséricorde, mieux vaut tomber entre ses mains que dans celles des hommes (2Sa 24:14, Sir 21:8).

--Voir Bras, Doigt, Gestes.

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      Genèse 14

      15 He divided himself against them by night, he and his servants, and struck them, and pursued them to Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus.
      22 Abram said to the king of Sodom, "I have lifted up my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, possessor of heaven and earth,

      Genèse 37

      27 Come, and let's sell him to the Ishmaelites, and not let our hand be on him; for he is our brother, our flesh." His brothers listened to him.

      Genèse 43

      34 He sent portions to them from before him, but Benjamin's portion was five times as much as any of theirs. They drank, and were merry with him.

      Genèse 47

      24 It will happen at the harvests, that you shall give a fifth to Pharaoh, and four parts will be your own, for seed of the field, for your food, for them of your households, and for food for your little ones."

      Genèse 48

      14 Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it on Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand on Manasseh's head, guiding his hands knowingly, for Manasseh was the firstborn.

      Exode 17

      11 It happened, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel prevailed; and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.

      Exode 29

      10 "You shall bring the bull before the Tent of Meeting: and Aaron and his sons shall lay their hands on the head of the bull.

      Lévitique 16

      21 Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions, even all their sins; and he shall put them on the head of the goat, and shall send him away into the wilderness by the hand of a man who is in readiness.

      Nombres 11

      23 Yahweh said to Moses, "Has Yahweh's hand grown short? Now you will see whether my word will happen to you or not."

      Juges 3

      15 But when the children of Israel cried to Yahweh, Yahweh raised them up a savior, Ehud the son of Gera, the Benjamite, a man left-handed. The children of Israel sent tribute by him to Eglon the king of Moab.
      21 Ehud put forth his left hand, and took the sword from his right thigh, and thrust it into his body:

      Juges 20

      16 Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men left-handed; everyone could sling stones at a hair-breadth, and not miss.

      1 Samuel 12

      15 But if you will not listen to the voice of Yahweh, but rebel against the commandment of Yahweh, then will the hand of Yahweh be against you, as it was against your fathers.

      1 Samuel 22

      17 The king said to the guard who stood about him, "Turn, and kill the priests of Yahweh; because their hand also is with David, and because they knew that he fled, and didn't disclose it to me." But the servants of the king wouldn't put forth their hand to fall on the priests of Yahweh.

      1 Samuel 23

      19 Then the Ziphites came up to Saul to Gibeah, saying, "Doesn't David hide himself with us in the strongholds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of the desert?
      20 Now therefore, O king, come down, according to all the desire of your soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him up into the king's hand."
      21 Saul said, "You are blessed by Yahweh; for you have had compassion on me.
      22 Please go make yet more sure, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who has seen him there; for it is told me that he deals very subtly.
      23 See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hides himself, and come again to me with certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall happen, if he is in the land, that I will search him out among all the thousands of Judah."
      24 They arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the Arabah on the south of the desert.

      2 Samuel 2

      7 Now therefore let your hands be strong, and be valiant; for Saul your lord is dead, and also the house of Judah have anointed me king over them."

      2 Samuel 24

      5 They passed over the Jordan, and encamped in Aroer, on the right side of the city that is in the middle of the valley of Gad, and to Jazer:
      14 David said to Gad, "I am in distress. Let us fall now into the hand of Yahweh; for his mercies are great. Let me not fall into the hand of man."

      Esdras 7

      9 For on the first day of the first month began he to go up from Babylon; and on the first day of the fifth month came he to Jerusalem, according to the good hand of his God on him.

      Esdras 8

      18 According to the good hand of our God on us they brought us a man of discretion, of the sons of Mahli, the son of Levi, the son of Israel; and Sherebiah, with his sons and his brothers, eighteen;

      Néhémie 2

      8 and a letter to Asaph the keeper of the king's forest, that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the citadel by the temple, for the wall of the city, and for the house that I shall enter into." The king granted my requests, because of the good hand of my God on me.
      9 Then I came to the governors beyond the River, and gave them the king's letters. Now the king had sent with me captains of the army and horsemen.
      10 When Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, heard of it, it grieved them exceedingly, because a man had come to seek the welfare of the children of Israel.
      11 So I came to Jerusalem, and was there three days.
      12 I arose in the night, I and some few men with me; neither told I any man what my God put into my heart to do for Jerusalem; neither was there any animal with me, except the animal that I rode on.
      13 I went out by night by the valley gate, even toward the jackal's well, and to the dung gate, and viewed the walls of Jerusalem, which were broken down, and its gates were consumed with fire.
      14 Then I went on to the spring gate and to the king's pool: but there was no place for the animal that was under me to pass.
      15 Then went I up in the night by the brook, and viewed the wall; and I turned back, and entered by the valley gate, and so returned.
      16 The rulers didn't know where I went, or what I did; neither had I as yet told it to the Jews, nor to the priests, nor to the nobles, nor to the rulers, nor to the rest who did the work.
      17 Then I said to them, "You see the evil case that we are in, how Jerusalem lies waste, and its gates are burned with fire. Come, let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we won't be disgraced."
      18 I told them of the hand of my God which was good on me, as also of the king's words that he had spoken to me. They said, "Let's rise up and build." So they strengthened their hands for the good work.

      Job 21

      5 Look at me, and be astonished. Lay your hand on your mouth.

      Job 22

      30 He will even deliver him who is not innocent. Yes, he shall be delivered through the cleanness of your hands."

      Job 23

      9 He works to the north, but I can't see him. He turns south, but I can't catch a glimpse of him.

      Psaumes 24

      4 He who has clean hands and a pure heart; who has not lifted up his soul to falsehood, and has not sworn deceitfully.

      Psaumes 26

      6 I will wash my hands in innocence, so I will go about your altar, Yahweh;

      Psaumes 28

      2 Hear the voice of my petitions, when I cry to you, when I lift up my hands toward your Most Holy Place.

      Psaumes 90

      17 Let the favor of the Lord our God be on us; establish the work of our hands for us; yes, establish the work of our hands.

      Psaumes 102

      26 They will perish, but you will endure. Yes, all of them will wear out like a garment. You will change them like a cloak, and they will be changed.

      Psaumes 109

      6 Set a wicked man over him. Let an adversary stand at his right hand.
      31 For he will stand at the right hand of the needy, to save him from those who judge his soul.

      Psaumes 110

      Proverbes 12

      24 The hands of the diligent ones shall rule, but laziness ends in slave labor.

      Proverbes 30

      32 "If you have done foolishly in lifting up yourself, or if you have thought evil, put your hand over your mouth.

      Proverbes 31

      20 She opens her arms to the poor; yes, she extends her hands to the needy.

      Ecclésiaste 9

      10 Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in Sheol , where you are going.

      Esaïe 1

      25 and I will turn my hand on you, thoroughly purge away your dross, and will take away all your tin.

      Esaïe 8

      11 For Yahweh spoke thus to me with a strong hand, and instructed me not to walk in the way of this people, saying,

      Esaïe 44

      5 One will say, 'I am Yahweh's;' and another will be called by the name of Jacob; and another will write with his hand 'to Yahweh,' and honor the name of Israel."

      Jérémie 2

      37 From there also you shall go forth, with your hands on your head; for Yahweh has rejected those in whom you trust, and you shall not prosper with them.

      Jérémie 18

      8 if that nation, concerning which I have spoken, turn from their evil, I will repent of the evil that I thought to do to them.

      Ezéchiel 1

      3 the word of Yahweh came expressly to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of Yahweh was there on him.

      Ezéchiel 8

      1 It happened in the sixth year, in the sixth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I sat in my house, and the elders of Judah sat before me, that the hand of the Lord Yahweh fell there on me.

      Ezéchiel 13

      9 My hand shall be against the prophets who see false visions, and who divine lies: they shall not be in the council of my people, neither shall they be written in the writing of the house of Israel, neither shall they enter into the land of Israel; and you shall know that I am the Lord Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 37

      1 The hand of Yahweh was on me, and he brought me out in the Spirit of Yahweh, and set me down in the midst of the valley; and it was full of bones.

      Daniel 1

      20 In every matter of wisdom and understanding, concerning which the king inquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and enchanters who were in all his realm.

      Zacharie 3

      1 He showed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of Yahweh, and Satan standing at his right hand to be his adversary.

      Zacharie 8

      9 Thus says Yahweh of Armies: "Let your hands be strong, you who hear in these days these words from the mouth of the prophets who were in the day that the foundation of the house of Yahweh of Armies was laid, even the temple, that it might be built.
      10 For before those days there was no wages for man, nor any wages for an animal; neither was there any peace to him who went out or came in, because of the adversary. For I set all men everyone against his neighbor.
      11 But now I will not be to the remnant of this people as in the former days," says Yahweh of Armies.
      12 "For the seed of peace and the vine will yield its fruit, and the ground will give its increase, and the heavens will give their dew; and I will cause the remnant of this people to inherit all these things.
      13 It shall come to pass that, as you were a curse among the nations, house of Judah and house of Israel, so will I save you, and you shall be a blessing. Don't be afraid. Let your hands be strong."

      Matthieu 5

      30 If your right hand causes you to stumble, cut it off, and throw it away from you. For it is more profitable for you that one of your members should perish, than for your whole body to be cast into Gehenna.

      Matthieu 17

      22 While they were staying in Galilee, Jesus said to them, "The Son of Man is about to be delivered up into the hands of men,

      Matthieu 27

      24 So when Pilate saw that nothing was being gained, but rather that a disturbance was starting, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this righteous person. You see to it."

      Marc 6

      2 When the Sabbath had come, he began to teach in the synagogue, and many hearing him were astonished, saying, "Where did this man get these things?" and, "What is the wisdom that is given to this man, that such mighty works come about by his hands?

      Marc 10

      16 He took them in his arms, and blessed them, laying his hands on them.

      Marc 14

      20 He answered them, "It is one of the twelve, he who dips with me in the dish.

      Luc 1

      66 All who heard them laid them up in their heart, saying, "What then will this child be?" The hand of the Lord was with him.
      74 to grant to us that we, being delivered out of the hand of our enemies, should serve him without fear,

      Luc 22

      69 From now on, the Son of Man will be seated at the right hand of the power of God."

      Luc 23

      46 Jesus, crying with a loud voice, said, "Father, into your hands I commit my spirit!" Having said this, he breathed his last.

      Jean 10

      29 My Father, who has given them to me, is greater than all. No one is able to snatch them out of my Father's hand.

      Actes 2

      23 him, being delivered up by the determined counsel and foreknowledge of God, you have taken by the hand of lawless men, crucified and killed;

      Actes 5

      12 By the hands of the apostles many signs and wonders were done among the people. They were all with one accord in Solomon's porch.

      Actes 6

      6 whom they set before the apostles. When they had prayed, they laid their hands on them.

      Actes 11

      21 The hand of the Lord was with them, and a great number believed and turned to the Lord.

      Actes 13

      11 Now, behold, the hand of the Lord is on you, and you will be blind, not seeing the sun for a season!" Immediately a mist and darkness fell on him. He went around seeking someone to lead him by the hand.

      Actes 19

      6 When Paul had laid his hands on them, the Holy Spirit came on them, and they spoke with other languages and prophesied.

      Romains 8

      34 Who is he who condemns? It is Christ who died, yes rather, who was raised from the dead, who is at the right hand of God, who also makes intercession for us.

      2 Corinthiens 6

      7 in the word of truth, in the power of God; by the armor of righteousness on the right hand and on the left,

      Hébreux 10

      31 It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.

      Jacques 4

      8 Draw near to God, and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners; and purify your hearts, you double-minded.

      Apocalypse 10

      1 I saw a mighty angel coming down out of the sky, clothed with a cloud. A rainbow was on his head. His face was like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire.
      2 He had in his hand a little open book. He set his right foot on the sea, and his left on the land.
      3 He cried with a loud voice, as a lion roars. When he cried, the seven thunders uttered their voices.
      4 When the seven thunders sounded, I was about to write; but I heard a voice from the sky saying, "Seal up the things which the seven thunders said, and don't write them."
      5 The angel whom I saw standing on the sea and on the land lifted up his right hand to the sky,
      6 and swore by him who lives forever and ever, who created heaven and the things that are in it, the earth and the things that are in it, and the sea and the things that are in it, that there will no longer be delay,
      7 but in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he is about to sound, then the mystery of God is finished, as he declared to his servants, the prophets.
      8 The voice which I heard from heaven, again speaking with me, said, "Go, take the book which is open in the hand of the angel who stands on the sea and on the land."
      9 I went to the angel, telling him to give me the little book. He said to me, "Take it, and eat it up. It will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be as sweet as honey."
      10 I took the little book out of the angel's hand, and ate it up. It was as sweet as honey in my mouth. When I had eaten it, my stomach was made bitter.
      11 They told me, "You must prophesy again over many peoples, nations, languages, and kings."

      Apocalypse 13

      16 He causes all, the small and the great, the rich and the poor, and the free and the slave, to be given marks on their right hands, or on their foreheads;

      Apocalypse 14

      9 Another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a great voice, "If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives a mark on his forehead, or on his hand,

      Apocalypse 20

      4 I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was given to them. I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for the testimony of Jesus, and for the word of God, and such as didn't worship the beast nor his image, and didn't receive the mark on their forehead and on their hand. They lived, and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.
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