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1 Timothée 3.16

Et, sans contredit, le mystère de la piété est grand : celui qui a été manifesté en chair, justifié par l'Esprit, vu des anges, prêché aux Gentils, cru dans le monde, élevé dans la gloire.

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Avant d'expliquer ce passage important (voir la note suivante), il faut remarquer qu'il présente trois variantes qui ont beaucoup occupé la critique : la première, celle du texte reçu, porte : "Dieu manifesté en chair ;" la seconde s'exprime ainsi : "Celui qui a été manifesté en chair..." Le sens reste exactement le même, à l'exception du nom de Dieu donné à Jésus-Christ ; car lui seul a été manifesté en chair ; (Jean 1.14 ; Romains 8.3 ; 1Jean 4.2) l'homme n'apparaît pas en chair, il est né de la chair. (Jean 3.6) Aussi tout le reste du passage ne peut s'appliquer qu'à Jésus-Christ.

Enfin, la troisième variante donnerait cette construction à la phrase entière : "Grand est le mystère de piété qui a été manifesté en chair." Cette dernière leçon, bien qu'elle soit adoptée par la Vulgate, n'a pas pour elle les témoignages des manuscrits et des Pères. Elle ne facilite pas l'explication du passage ; elle l'obscurcit au contraire.

Les deux premières variantes, qui seules méritent considération, se partagent les témoignages d'une manière à peu près égale. Les critiques les plus célèbres, Wettstein, Griesbach, Lachmann, Tischendorf se déclarent pour la seconde.

Après tous les travaux de la critique sur ce passage, la question reste forcément indécise.

Pour comprendre comment ces deux leçons, Dieu et Celui, ont pu surgir, il suffit de rappeler qu'en grec Dieu (Theos) s'écrit ainsi "0ç" en abrégé et que le pronom Celui s'écrit "Oç," deux signes extrêmement sembalbles.

L'apôtre n'hésite pas à convenir, et même à proclamer bien haut que la manifestation de Dieu dans notre humanité est un mystère, (1Corinthiens 2.7, note) mystère insondable, mais mystère de piété.

Le fait de l'incarnation, avec ses suites pour le salut du monde, est la source de toute vérité divine, de toute vie religieuse, en un mot de toute piété. En y regardant de près, on se convaincra facilement, qu'en dehors de la foi à ce mystère, il n'y a point de piété véritable. Ce mystère, de l'aveu de tous, d'un aveu unanime (tel est le sens du mot grec), est grand, profond, immense, d'une importance infinie.

Après avoir ainsi caractérisé l'incarnation, l'apôtre en déroule à grands traits les principales phases en six propositions consécutives, sans s'astreindre à suivre l'ordre dans lequel les faits se sont succédé. (Ainsi l'élévation de Christ dans la gloire, qui termine ce tableau, a précédé, dans le temps, la prédication de son nom parmi les nations.)

- L'apôtre voulait décrire d'abord toutes les suites de l'incarnation sur la terre avant de montrer la glorification de Christ dans le ciel, glorification qui renferme déjà virtuellement celle de toute son Eglise. Chacune de ces propositions, ou de ces grandes phases de la rédemption, forme, avec celle qui la suit, une antithèse destinée à relever la grandeur de cette œuvre, malgré ses apparences de petitesse et d'humilité.

Ainsi : "Dieu a été manifesté en chair," mais "justifié en èEsprit." Le contraste de ces deux mots doit être entendu dans le même sens que celui développé Romains 1.3,4, note. Le premier indique la nature humaine de Christ, soumise à toutes les infirmités qui sont la suite du péché ; le second désigne sa nature divine, par laquelle il a été de toutes manières justifié "comme Fils de Dieu en puissance, selon l'Esprit de sanctification, par sa résurrection d'entre les morts." (Romains 1.4)

Sans doute, toutes les marques de divinité que Christ a fait éclater dans sa personne et dans sa vie entière appartiennent à cette "justification en Esprit ;" mais sa résurrection en a été le couronnement, parce que ce fait glorieux a, pour ainsi dire, anéanti toutes les apparences qui étaient contre lui, aux yeux de la chair. (Comparer 1Pierre 3.18, note.)

Dans son état d'humiliation, puis de gloire, le Fils de Dieu a été vu des anges (Grec : "est apparu aux anges") : ce qui doit rappeler, non seulement la part que les anges de Dieu ont prise à tous les grands moments de sa vie terrestre, à sa naissance, à sa tentation, à son agonie en Gethsémané, à sa résurrection ; mais surtout la manifestation de sa gloire aux anges du ciel, après l'achèvement de son œuvre ici-bas.

En sorte que la rédemption du monde a été pour les anges une révélation nouvelle des perfections divines. (Voir Ephésiens 1.10 ; 3.9,10, notes ; Colossiens 1.20, et surtout 1Pierre 1.12)

Christ n'est apparu durant sa vie terrestre qu'au peuple d'Israël ; mais, son œuvre accomplie, le conseil de la miséricorde divine a été manifesté à d'autres peuples, prêché aux nations, pour accomplir la parole du Sauveur lui-même. (Matthieu 24.14)

Et ce n'a pas été en vain ; partout où est parvenue la bonne nouvelle du salut en Christ crucifié, les élus de Dieu l'on reçue par la foi ; il a été cru dans le monde, malgré l'opposition du cœur de l'homme et de toutes les puissances du siècle.

Enfin, l'homme Jésus, le représentant et le chef de notre humanité, a été élevé dans la gloire que le Fils de Dieu possédait auprès du Père "avant que le monde fût fait," (Jean 17 ; 5) et par lui, en lui, qui est la tête, comme même gloire est acquise et assurée à tous ceux qui sont ses membres.

Ainsi l'apôtre déroule en peu de mots l'œuvre immense de notre rédemption, dont chaque fait particulier élève nos pensées vers un monde nouveau de sagesse et d'amour divins. L'Eglise de Jésus-Christ retient d'une main ferme cette profession de sa foi par laquelle elle surmonte le monde et repousse toutes les falsifications de la parole du salut.

- Quelques interprètes admettent même que ces sentences détachées, qui glorifient Christ et son œuvre, sont empruntées par l'apôtre à quelque antique confession de foi ou à un hymne de l'Eglise primitive. Quoi qu'il en soit, il a ainsi opposé la grande vérité de l'Evangile aux erreurs qu'il va combattre au chapitre suivant.

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32 - aggelos messager, envoyé, un ange, un messager de Dieu 353 - analambano prendre, élever, enlever, transporter soulever (une chose, dans le but de la transporter ou s'en … 1344 - dikaioo rendre juste ou comme il doit être montrer, exposer, démontrer sa justice, comme on est … 1391 - doxa opinion, jugement, vue estimation, ce qui est mauvais ou bon chez quelqu'un dans le N.T … 1484 - ethnos une multitude (d'hommes ou d'animaux) vivant ensemble une compagnie, une troupe, un essaim une multitude … 1722 - en Dans son sens premier: dans, à l'intérieur de. Le datif qui accompagne εν remplace un … 2076 - esti troisième personne du singulier du verbe « être » 2150 - eusebeia révérence, respect piété envers Dieu 2316 - theos un dieu ou déesse, nom général de divinités la Divinité, la trinité Dieu le Père, … 2532 - kai et, aussi, même, en effet, mais 2784 - kerusso être un héraut, officier comme un héraut proclamer à la manière d'un héraut toujours avec … 2889 - kosmos un arrangement habile et harmonieux d'une constitution, d'un ordre, d'un gouvernement ornement, décoration, parure: l'arrangement … 3173 - megas grand de la forme extérieure ou de l'apparence des choses (ou des personnes) en particulier, … 3466 - musterion chose cachée, un secret, un mystère généralement les mystères, les secrets de la religion, confiés … 3672 - homologoumenos avec le consentement de tous, sans controverse, de l'aveu de tous 3700 - optanomai regarder, voir se laisser voir, apparaître 4100 - pisteuo penser être vrai, être persuadé de, donner du crédit, placer sa confiance en de la … 4151 - pneuma un mouvement de l'air (un petit coup de vent) le mouvement du vent, de là … 4561 - sarx la chair (la substance du corps vivant, qui recouvre les os, et qui est irriguée … 5319 - phaneroo rendre manifeste ou visible ou connu ce qui a été caché, manifester, que ce soit … 5681 Temps - Aoriste 5777 Voix - Passive 5786 Mode - Indicatif 5791 Nombre - 602 5748 Temps - Présent 5774 Voix - Pas de Voix indiquée 5799 Mode - Indicatif 5791 …

- Psaumes 68
  
  17 The chariots of God are tens of thousands and thousands of thousands. The Lord is among them, from Sinai, into the sanctuary.
  
  18 You have ascended on high. You have led away captives. You have received gifts among men, yes, among the rebellious also, that Yah God might dwell there.
  
  Esaïe 7
  
  14 Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin will conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
  
  Esaïe 9
  
  6 For to us a child is born. To us a son is given; and the government will be on his shoulders. His name will be called Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
  
  Esaïe 50
  
  5 The Lord Yahweh has opened my ear, and I was not rebellious, neither turned away backward.
  
  6 I gave my back to the strikers, and my cheeks to those who plucked off the hair; I didn't hide my face from shame and spitting.
  
  7 For the Lord Yahweh will help me; therefore I have not been confounded: therefore have I set my face like a flint, and I know that I shall not be disappointed.
  
  Jérémie 23
  
  5 Behold, the days come, says Yahweh, that I will raise to David a righteous Branch, and he shall reign as king and deal wisely, and shall execute justice and righteousness in the land.
  
  6 In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely; and this is his name by which he shall be called: Yahweh our righteousness.
  
  Michée 5
  
  2 But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, being small among the clans of Judah, out of you one will come forth to me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth are from of old, from everlasting.
  
  Matthieu 1
  
  23 "Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son. They shall call his name Immanuel"; which is, being interpreted, "God with us."
  
  Matthieu 3
  
  16 Jesus, when he was baptized, went up directly from the water: and behold, the heavens were opened to him. He saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming on him.
  
  Matthieu 4
  
  11 Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and served him.
  
  Matthieu 13
  
  11 He answered them, "To you it is given to know the mysteries of the Kingdom of Heaven, but it is not given to them.
  
  Matthieu 28
  
  2 Behold, there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord descended from the sky, and came and rolled away the stone from the door, and sat on it.
  
  Marc 1
  
  13 He was there in the wilderness forty days tempted by Satan. He was with the wild animals; and the angels were serving him.
  
  Marc 16
  
  5 Entering into the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, dressed in a white robe, and they were amazed.
  
  19 So then the Lord , after he had spoken to them, was received up into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of God.
  
  Luc 2
  
  10 The angel said to them, "Don't be afraid, for behold, I bring you good news of great joy which will be to all the people.
  
  11 For there is born to you, this day, in the city of David, a Savior, who is Christ the Lord.
  
  12 This is the sign to you: you will find a baby wrapped in strips of cloth, lying in a feeding trough."
  
  13 Suddenly, there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly army praising God, and saying,
  
  14 "Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will toward men."
  
  32 a light for revelation to the nations, and the glory of your people Israel."
  
  Luc 22
  
  43 An angel from heaven appeared to him, strengthening him.
  
  Luc 24
  
  4 It happened, while they were greatly perplexed about this, behold, two men stood by them in dazzling clothing.
  
  51 It happened, while he blessed them, that he withdrew from them, and was carried up into heaven.
  
  Jean 1
  
  1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
  
  2 The same was in the beginning with God.
  
  14 The Word became flesh, and lived among us. We saw his glory, such glory as of the one and only Son of the Father, full of grace and truth.
  
  32 John testified, saying, "I have seen the Spirit descending like a dove out of heaven, and it remained on him.
  
  33 I didn't recognize him, but he who sent me to baptize in water, he said to me, 'On whomever you will see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he who baptizes in the Holy Spirit.'
  
  Jean 6
  
  62 Then what if you would see the Son of Man ascending to where he was before?
  
  Jean 13
  
  3 Jesus, knowing that the Father had given all things into his hands, and that he came forth from God, and was going to God,
  
  Jean 15
  
  26 "When the Counselor has come, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father, he will testify about me.
  
  Jean 16
  
  8 When he has come, he will convict the world about sin, about righteousness, and about judgment;
  
  9 about sin, because they don't believe in me;
  
  28 I came out from the Father, and have come into the world. Again, I leave the world, and go to the Father."
  
  Jean 17
  
  5 Now, Father, glorify me with your own self with the glory which I had with you before the world existed.
  
  Jean 20
  
  12 and she saw two angels in white sitting, one at the head, and one at the feet, where the body of Jesus had lain.
  
  Actes 1
  
  1 The first book I wrote, Theophilus, concerned all that Jesus began both to do and to teach,
  
  2 until the day in which he was received up, after he had given commandment through the Holy Spirit to the apostles whom he had chosen.
  
  3 To these he also showed himself alive after he suffered, by many proofs, appearing to them over a period of forty days, and speaking about God's Kingdom.
  
  4 Being assembled together with them, he commanded them, "Don't depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which you heard from me.
  
  5 For John indeed baptized in water, but you will be baptized in the Holy Spirit not many days from now."
  
  6 Therefore when they had come together, they asked him, "Lord, are you now restoring the kingdom to Israel?"
  
  7 He said to them, "It isn't for you to know times or seasons which the Father has set within his own authority.
  
  8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you. You will be witnesses to me in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the uttermost parts of the earth."
  
  9 When he had said these things, as they were looking, he was taken up, and a cloud received him out of their sight.
  
  10 While they were looking steadfastly into the sky as he went, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing,
  
  11 who also said, "You men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into the sky? This Jesus, who was received up from you into the sky will come back in the same way as you saw him going into the sky."
  
  19 It became known to everyone who lived in Jerusalem that in their language that field was called 'Akeldama,' that is, 'The field of blood.'
  
  Actes 2
  
  32 This Jesus God raised up, to which we all are witnesses.
  
  33 Being therefore exalted by the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this, which you now see and hear.
  
  34 For David didn't ascend into the heavens, but he says himself, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit by my right hand,
  
  35 until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet."'
  
  36 "Let all the house of Israel therefore know certainly that God has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom you crucified."
  
  Actes 10
  
  34 Peter opened his mouth and said, "Truly I perceive that God doesn't show favoritism;
  
  Actes 13
  
  46 Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, and said, "It was necessary that God's word should be spoken to you first. Since indeed you thrust it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, behold, we turn to the Gentiles.
  
  47 For so has the Lord commanded us, saying, 'I have set you as a light for the Gentiles, that you should bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth.'"
  
  48 As the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of God. As many as were appointed to eternal life believed.
  
  Actes 14
  
  27 When they had arrived, and had gathered the assembly together, they reported all the things that God had done with them, and that he had opened a door of faith to the nations.
  
  Actes 20
  
  28 Take heed, therefore, to yourselves, and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the assembly of the Lord and God which he purchased with his own blood.
  
  Romains 1
  
  3 concerning his Son, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh,
  
  4 who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,
  
  Romains 8
  
  3 For what the law couldn't do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God did, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh;
  
  Romains 9
  
  5 of whom are the fathers, and from whom is Christ as concerning the flesh, who is over all, God, blessed forever. Amen.
  
  Romains 10
  
  12 For there is no distinction between Jew and Greek; for the same Lord is Lord of all, and is rich to all who call on him.
  
  18 But I say, didn't they hear? Yes, most certainly, "Their sound went out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world."
  
  Romains 16
  
  25
  
  1 Corinthiens 2
  
  7 But we speak God's wisdom in a mystery, the wisdom that has been hidden, which God foreordained before the worlds for our glory,
  
  1 Corinthiens 15
  
  47 The first man is of the earth, made of dust. The second man is the Lord from heaven.
  
  Galates 2
  
  8 (for he who appointed Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision appointed me also to the Gentiles);
  
  Galates 4
  
  4 But when the fullness of the time came, God sent out his Son, born to a woman, born under the law,
  
  Ephésiens 1
  
  9 making known to us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which he purposed in him
  
  Ephésiens 3
  
  3 how that by revelation the mystery was made known to me, as I wrote before in few words,
  
  4 by which, when you read, you can perceive my understanding in the mystery of Christ;
  
  5 which in other generations was not made known to the children of men, as it has now been revealed to his holy apostles and prophets in the Spirit;
  
  6 that the Gentiles are fellow heirs, and fellow members of the body, and fellow partakers of his promise in Christ Jesus through the Good News,
  
  7 of which I was made a servant, according to the gift of that grace of God which was given me according to the working of his power.
  
  8 To me, the very least of all saints, was this grace given, to preach to the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ,
  
  9 and to make all men see what is the administration of the mystery which for ages has been hidden in God, who created all things through Jesus Christ;
  
  10 to the intent that now through the assembly the manifold wisdom of God might be made known to the principalities and the powers in the heavenly places,
  
  Ephésiens 4
  
  8 Therefore he says, "When he ascended on high, he led captivity captive, and gave gifts to men."
  
  9 Now this, "He ascended," what is it but that he also first descended into the lower parts of the earth?
  
  10 He who descended is the one who also ascended far above all the heavens, that he might fill all things.
  
  Ephésiens 6
  
  19 on my behalf, that utterance may be given to me in opening my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the Good News,
  
  Philippiens 2
  
  6 who, existing in the form of God, didn't consider equality with God a thing to be grasped,
  
  7 but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men.
  
  8 And being found in human form, he humbled himself, becoming obedient to death, yes, the death of the cross.
  
  Colossiens 1
  
  6 which has come to you; even as it is in all the world and is bearing fruit and growing, as it does in you also, since the day you heard and knew the grace of God in truth;
  
  16 For by him all things were created, in the heavens and on the earth, things visible and things invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers; all things have been created through him, and for him.
  
  17 He is before all things, and in him all things are held together.
  
  18 He is the head of the body, the assembly, who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence.
  
  23 if it is so that you continue in the faith, grounded and steadfast, and not moved away from the hope of the Good News which you heard, which is being proclaimed in all creation under heaven; of which I, Paul, was made a servant.
  
  27 to whom God was pleased to make known what are the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory;
  
  Colossiens 2
  
  2 that their hearts may be comforted, they being knit together in love, and gaining all riches of the full assurance of understanding, that they may know the mystery of God, both of the Father and of Christ,
  
  2 Thessaloniciens 1
  
  10 when he comes to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired among all those who have believed (because our testimony to you was believed) in that day.
  
  2 Thessaloniciens 2
  
  7 For the mystery of lawlessness already works. Only there is one who restrains now, until he is taken out of the way.
  
  1 Timothée 3
  
  9 holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience.

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