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PIÉTÉ

(du latin pietas : vénération envers Dieu, les parents, la patrie). L'idée religieuse de piété est exprimée dans l'A. T, par le mot khésed, qui implique tout ensemble l'application du coeur et de la volonté au service de Dieu (Jer 2:2, Os 6:4, Esa 57:1), et par le mot îrâh, crainte. Dans Esa 11:2 et Pr 1:7, les versions grecques rendent indifféremment ce terme par eusébéïa, eulabéïa, photos ; d'où il appert que les notions de piété et de crainte traduisent un même sentiment dans la religion des Israélites (voir Crainte de l'Éternel). Quand viendra le règne du Messie, Jérusalem sera appelée « Splendeur de la piété » (Bar 5:4) ; « une très belle récompense est réservée à ceux qui s'endorment dans la piété » (2Ma 12:45).

L'A. T, connaît à peine le mot de piété, tant il est vrai qu'au sein du peuple qui avait pour mission d'être le peuple de Dieu un même souffle devait animer le corps et l'âme : vivre et craindre l'Éternel, inséparablement unis par définition dans l'existence de la nation comme dans celle de l'individu, sont fonction l'un de l'autre ; que la piété se relâche, et tout avenir est compromis : l'impiété appelle le châtiment. Lorsque les manifestations du sens religieux d'Israël se bornent à des pratiques extérieures et au sentiment parfois douteux qui les inspire, Jéhovah n'est pas satisfait : « J'aime la piété et non les sacrifices... » (Os 6:6, cf. Mic 6:8). Elles expriment un sentiment spasmodique : « Votre piété est comme la nuée du matin, comme la rosée qui bientôt se dissipe » (Os 6:4). D'ailleurs cette affection et ce respect prétendus pour les choses de la religion manquent souvent de sincérité (Esa 58:5, Mal 1:8). Eliphaz accuse Job d' « anéantir la piété » (Job 15:4). Ps 31:24 recommande aux gens pieux d' « aimer Jéhovah ». Plus tardivement nous trouvons l'explication déjà élaborée d' « actes » ou « oeuvres de piété » (2Ch 32:32 35:26, Ne 13:14). Tout cela est encore fort éloigné des exigences de Jéhovah.

Mais si le mot se rencontre peu fréquemment dans l'A. T, et si, en général, la piété d'Israël s'avère comme gravement insuffisante, légitimant l'accusation suprême d'adultère (Jer 5:7 9:2 23:10, etc.) et le courroux de l'Éternel, elle n'a pourtant pas cessé, à travers l'histoire du prophétisme puis sous l'impulsion initiale des Hasidéens (voir ce mot), de compter des représentants authentiques jusqu'à ce que le piétisme des humbles, successeurs spirituels des Hasidim, ait préparé le berceau du Messie (voir Pauvre). A ceux-là on appliquerait volontiers la parole de Calvin : « La piété est comme l'âme de la vie. »

Cette définition mystique revêt tout son sens lorsque nous passons au N.T. Jésus ne prononce pas le mot de piété, dans nos évangiles (voir Justice, 2), mais tout son enseignement, toute sa personne tendent à provoquer chez ceux qu'il approche l'éclosion de la piété vraie. Le terme lui-même n'apparaîtra que plus tard, sous la plume des apôtres, pour caractériser et comme synthétiser dans ses divers éléments (foi, amour, reconnaissance, adoration, obéissance, etc.) la vie nouvelle du racheté de Jésus-Christ. Le redressement apporté par Jésus dans l'échelle des valeurs morales et dans les conceptions religieuses de ses auditeurs a pour conséquence de ramener au sein de l'humanité encline à de terrestres accommodations le devoir et la possibilité en Lui d'une vie religieuse conforme à la volonté du Dieu saint. La gloire du disciple de Jésus sera d'être « comme son Maître », modèle normatif de la piété.

Une définition plus rigoureuse s'impose donc, qui précise la nature, l'objet, le but et le moyen de la piété chrétienne. Sa nature : une attitude d'âme ; son objet : Dieu ; son but : la sainteté ; son moyen : l'effort continu. Si l'on considère la sanctification comme un don de Dieu à l'homme, on peut concevoir la piété, de la part de l'homme, comme l'appel de ce don, l'assimilation de ce don, la mise en oeuvre de ce don, « l'attitude à la fois réceptive et active par laquelle la volonté de l'homme se fait à chaque instant l'organe de la volonté de Christ, qui, lui prêtant sa force, accomplit ainsi par elle le devoir de la situation donnée ». Nous dirons donc avec Calvin que « la piété est [la vertu] qui, nous ayant séparés des souillures du monde, nous unit à Dieu par la sainteté » (Inst. Chr., III, 7), ou, plus brièvement avec Finney : « L'essence de la piété est d'obéir à Jésus-Christ. »

Et c'est bien sous cette forme que les textes du N.T. nous présentent la piété, soit qu'il s'agisse, dans le livre des Actes, des hommes pieux qui seront les premiers convertis de la Pentecôte (Ac 2), de l'entourage du centenier Corneille (Ac 10) ou des amis d'Etienne qui enseveliront le premier martyr (Ac 8:2), soit que dans les épîtres, en particulier dans les Pastorales (voir ce mot), nous recueillions l'enseignement apostolique. La piété, attitude de l'âme (Tit 2:12), a pour objet Dieu (Heb 12:28) révélé en Jésus-Christ (1Ti 3:16 6:3,2Pi 1:3), pour but la sainteté (1Ti 6:5,2Ti 3:5), pour moyen l'effort continu (1Ti 4:8 6 : et suivant) ; elle ne peut manquer de porter en l'âme chrétienne ses fruits bénis : promesse de la vie présente et de celle qui est à venir (1Ti 4:8), contentement d'esprit (1Ti 6:6), voire garantie contre l'erreur doctrinale (1Ti 6:3, Tit 1:1), de même que dans la vie sociale (1Ti 2:2,10) elle est une vertu indispensable (2Pi 1:6 3:11), un trésor incomparable (1Ti 4:8) et, malgré l'opposition des méchants et la persécution (2Ti 3:12,2Pi 2:9), le grand gain (1Ti 6:6).

La splendeur des horizons ouverts à la piété rayonne sous la plume de saint Paul dans le passage 1Ti 3:16 : « De l'aveu de tous le mystère de la piété est grand : celui qui a été manifesté en chair a été justifié par l'Esprit, vu des anges, prêché parmi les païens, cru dans le monde, élevé dans la gloire » (voir Mystère) : par l'initiation à la vérité de Dieu en Christ, vérité à la fois surnaturelle et historique qui est la mise en oeuvre de la toute-puissance céleste pour aboutir au salut du monde et à la glorification du Sauveur, l'âme pieuse pénètre l'infini de la sagesse et de l'amour divins (Eph 3:14,21) ; elle contemple le déploiement du plan rédempteur dans sa grandeur incommensurable et pourtant accessible au plus humble chrétien que sa piété agrège à l'Église du Dieu vivant, laquelle, par la piété de ses membres, est dans le monde « la colonne et l'appui de la vérité » (1Ti 3:15).

L'extension en piété filiale de l'attitude d'âme si exclusivement orientée vers Dieu est légitimée par saint Paul (1Ti 5:4), qui y voit une manière de service spirituel envers le Père céleste ; « le second degré de piété est envers ceux qui nous ont engendrés », dira Calvin.

La piété n'est étrangère à l'accomplissement d'aucun devoir, dans l'existence du chrétien, puisqu'elle tend à amener l'homme, par l'union avec Dieu, à une perfection accomplie ; il est donc juste d'affirmer avec le Réformateur qu'elle est « le commencement, le milieu et la fin de la vie chrétienne ». H. W.

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      2 Chroniques 32

      32 Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and his good deeds, behold, they are written in the vision of Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz, in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.

      Néhémie 13

      14 Remember me, my God, concerning this, and don't wipe out my good deeds that I have done for the house of my God, and for its observances.

      Job 15

      4 Yes, you do away with fear, and hinder devotion before God.

      Psaumes 31

      24 Be strong, and let your heart take courage, all you who hope in Yahweh.

      Proverbes 1

      7 The fear of Yahweh is the beginning of knowledge; but the foolish despise wisdom and instruction.

      Esaïe 11

      2 The Spirit of Yahweh will rest on him: the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of Yahweh.

      Esaïe 57

      1 The righteous perishes, and no man lays it to heart; and merciful men are taken away, none considering that the righteous is taken away from the evil.

      Esaïe 58

      5 Is such the fast that I have chosen? the day for a man to afflict his soul? Is it to bow down his head as a rush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? Will you call this a fast, and an acceptable day to Yahweh?

      Jérémie 2

      2 "Go, and cry in the ears of Jerusalem, saying, 'Thus says Yahweh, "I remember for you the kindness of your youth, the love of your weddings; how you went after me in the wilderness, in a land that was not sown.

      Jérémie 5

      7 "How can I pardon you? Your children have forsaken me, and sworn by what are no gods. When I had fed them to the full, they committed adultery, and assembled themselves in troops at the prostitutes' houses.

      Jérémie 9

      2 Oh that I had in the wilderness a lodging place of wayfaring men; that I might leave my people, and go from them! for they are all adulterers, an assembly of treacherous men.

      Jérémie 23

      10 For the land is full of adulterers; for because of swearing the land mourns; the pastures of the wilderness are dried up. Their course is evil, and their might is not right;

      Osée 6

      4 "Ephraim, what shall I do to you? Judah, what shall I do to you? For your love is like a morning cloud, and like the dew that disappears early.
      6 For I desire mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings.

      Michée 6

      8 He has shown you, O man, what is good. What does Yahweh require of you, but to act justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God?

      Malachie 1

      8 When you offer the blind for sacrifice, isn't that evil? And when you offer the lame and sick, isn't that evil? Present it now to your governor! Will he be pleased with you? Or will he accept your person?" says Yahweh of Armies.

      Actes 2

      1 Now when the day of Pentecost had come, they were all with one accord in one place.
      2 Suddenly there came from the sky a sound like the rushing of a mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting.
      3 Tongues like fire appeared and were distributed to them, and one sat on each of them.
      4 They were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak with other languages, as the Spirit gave them the ability to speak.
      5 Now there were dwelling in Jerusalem Jews, devout men, from every nation under the sky.
      6 When this sound was heard, the multitude came together, and were bewildered, because everyone heard them speaking in his own language.
      7 They were all amazed and marveled, saying to one another, "Behold, aren't all these who speak Galileans?
      8 How do we hear, everyone in our own native language?
      9 Parthians, Medes, Elamites, and people from Mesopotamia, Judea, Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia,
      10 Phrygia, Pamphylia, Egypt, the parts of Libya around Cyrene, visitors from Rome, both Jews and proselytes,
      11 Cretans and Arabians: we hear them speaking in our languages the mighty works of God!"
      12 They were all amazed, and were perplexed, saying one to another, "What does this mean?"
      13 Others, mocking, said, "They are filled with new wine."
      14 But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and spoke out to them, "You men of Judea, and all you who dwell at Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and listen to my words.
      15 For these aren't drunken, as you suppose, seeing it is only the third hour of the day .
      16 But this is what has been spoken through the prophet Joel:
      17 'It will be in the last days, says God, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. Your sons and your daughters will prophesy. Your young men will see visions. Your old men will dream dreams.
      18 Yes, and on my servants and on my handmaidens in those days, I will pour out my Spirit, and they will prophesy.
      19 I will show wonders in the sky above, and signs on the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and billows of smoke.
      20 The sun will be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and glorious day of the Lord comes.
      21 It will be, that whoever will call on the name of the Lord will be saved.'
      22 "Men of Israel, hear these words! Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved by God to you by mighty works and wonders and signs which God did by him in the midst of you, even as you yourselves know,
      23 him, being delivered up by the determined counsel and foreknowledge of God, you have taken by the hand of lawless men, crucified and killed;
      24 whom God raised up, having freed him from the agony of death, because it was not possible that he should be held by it.
      25 For David says concerning him, 'I saw the Lord always before my face, For he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved.
      26 Therefore my heart was glad, and my tongue rejoiced. Moreover my flesh also will dwell in hope;
      27 because you will not leave my soul in Hades , neither will you allow your Holy One to see decay.
      28 You made known to me the ways of life. You will make me full of gladness with your presence.'
      29 "Brothers, I may tell you freely of the patriarch David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day.
      30 Therefore, being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him that of the fruit of his body, according to the flesh, he would raise up the Christ to sit on his throne,
      31 he foreseeing this spoke about the resurrection of the Christ, that neither was his soul left in Hades , nor did his flesh see decay.
      32 This Jesus God raised up, to which we all are witnesses.
      33 Being therefore exalted by the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this, which you now see and hear.
      34 For David didn't ascend into the heavens, but he says himself, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit by my right hand,
      35 until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet."'
      36 "Let all the house of Israel therefore know certainly that God has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom you crucified."
      37 Now when they heard this, they were cut to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, "Brothers, what shall we do?"
      38 Peter said to them, "Repent, and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.
      39 For the promise is to you, and to your children, and to all who are far off, even as many as the Lord our God will call to himself."
      40 With many other words he testified, and exhorted them, saying, "Save yourselves from this crooked generation!"
      41 Then those who gladly received his word were baptized. There were added that day about three thousand souls.
      42 They continued steadfastly in the apostles' teaching and fellowship, in the breaking of bread, and prayer.
      43 Fear came on every soul, and many wonders and signs were done through the apostles.
      44 All who believed were together, and had all things in common.
      45 They sold their possessions and goods, and distributed them to all, according as anyone had need.
      46 Day by day, continuing steadfastly with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread at home, they took their food with gladness and singleness of heart,
      47 praising God, and having favor with all the people. The Lord added to the assembly day by day those who were being saved.

      Actes 8

      2 Devout men buried Stephen, and lamented greatly over him.

      Actes 10

      1 Now there was a certain man in Caesarea, Cornelius by name, a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment,
      2 a devout man, and one who feared God with all his house, who gave gifts for the needy generously to the people, and always prayed to God.
      3 At about the ninth hour of the day , he clearly saw in a vision an angel of God coming to him, and saying to him, "Cornelius!"
      4 He, fastening his eyes on him, and being frightened, said, "What is it, Lord?" He said to him, "Your prayers and your gifts to the needy have gone up for a memorial before God.
      5 Now send men to Joppa, and get Simon, who is surnamed Peter.
      6 He lodges with one Simon, a tanner, whose house is by the seaside. "
      7 When the angel who spoke to him had departed, Cornelius called two of his household servants and a devout soldier of those who waited on him continually.
      8 Having explained everything to them, he sent them to Joppa.
      9 Now on the next day as they were on their journey, and got close to the city, Peter went up on the housetop to pray at about noon.
      10 He became hungry and desired to eat, but while they were preparing, he fell into a trance.
      11 He saw heaven opened and a certain container descending to him, like a great sheet let down by four corners on the earth,
      12 in which were all kinds of four-footed animals of the earth, wild animals, reptiles, and birds of the sky.
      13 A voice came to him, "Rise, Peter, kill and eat!"
      14 But Peter said, "Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten anything that is common or unclean."
      15 A voice came to him again the second time, "What God has cleansed, you must not call unclean."
      16 This was done three times, and immediately the vessel was received up into heaven.
      17 Now while Peter was very perplexed in himself what the vision which he had seen might mean, behold, the men who were sent by Cornelius, having made inquiry for Simon's house, stood before the gate,
      18 and called and asked whether Simon, who was surnamed Peter, was lodging there.
      19 While Peter was pondering the vision, the Spirit said to him, "Behold, three men seek you.
      20 But arise, get down, and go with them, doubting nothing; for I have sent them."
      21 Peter went down to the men, and said, "Behold, I am he whom you seek. Why have you come?"
      22 They said, "Cornelius, a centurion, a righteous man and one who fears God, and well spoken of by all the nation of the Jews, was directed by a holy angel to invite you to his house, and to listen to what you say."
      23 So he called them in and lodged them. On the next day Peter arose and went out with them, and some of the brothers from Joppa accompanied him.
      24 On the next day they entered into Caesarea. Cornelius was waiting for them, having called together his relatives and his near friends.
      25 When it happened that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, fell down at his feet, and worshiped him.
      26 But Peter raised him up, saying, "Stand up! I myself am also a man."
      27 As he talked with him, he went in and found many gathered together.
      28 He said to them, "You yourselves know how it is an unlawful thing for a man who is a Jew to join himself or come to one of another nation, but God has shown me that I shouldn't call any man unholy or unclean.
      29 Therefore also I came without complaint when I was sent for. I ask therefore, why did you send for me?"
      30 Cornelius said, "Four days ago, I was fasting until this hour, and at the ninth hour, I prayed in my house, and behold, a man stood before me in bright clothing,
      31 and said, 'Cornelius, your prayer is heard, and your gifts to the needy are remembered in the sight of God.
      32 Send therefore to Joppa, and summon Simon, who is surnamed Peter. He lodges in the house of Simon a tanner, by the seaside. When he comes, he will speak to you.'
      33 Therefore I sent to you at once, and it was good of you to come. Now therefore we are all here present in the sight of God to hear all things that have been commanded you by God."
      34 Peter opened his mouth and said, "Truly I perceive that God doesn't show favoritism;
      35 but in every nation he who fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him.
      36 The word which he sent to the children of Israel, preaching good news of peace by Jesus Christ--he is Lord of all--
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