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AFFLICTION

Étymologiquement, dans le grec comme dans l'hébr., ce mot exprime l'idée d'oppression, d'angoisse. On le traduit aussi par tribulation, douleur, persécution ou même supplice (voir dans 1Ro 22:27 et De 16:3 le mot sinistre : « pain et eau d'affliction »). L'affliction s'entend aussi bien au sens actif qu'au sens passif, d'une action exercée comme d'un état éprouvé.

L'homme échappe bien rarement à l'affliction. Les Ps 22 Ps 73 expriment d'une manière émouvante cet aspect de notre destinée. Aucune désespérance ne s'y marque cependant. Le Ps 37 reflète la calme assurance du croyant qui sait que Dieu n'abandonne jamais ses fidèles : si le juste a des maux en grand nombre, l'Éternel l'en délivre toujours (Ps 34:20,2Sa 4:9, Esa 25:4 30:20). N'en trouve-t-on pas maintes preuves dans la vie des hommes de Dieu, par ex. un Joseph, un Job, un Daniel ? (cf. Ac 7:10, Jas 5:11 etc.)

La conscience de l'Israélite s'est longtemps satisfaite en affirmant que tout, même la souffrance, venant de Dieu (Ps 88) et d'un Dieu saint, l'affliction ne pouvait atteindre que le méchant (Job 8:20, Ps 32:10 etc.). Trop de faits, et trop certains, devaient ébranler cette assurance. L'âme croyante finit par se demander : pourquoi le juste souffre-t-il ? L'Ecclésiaste se pose la question et n'échappe à la tentation du scepticisme (Job 8:14 9:2) qu'en affirmant que le bien de l'homme est dans l'obéissance aux commandements de Dieu (Job 8:12 12:3 etc.). Le livre de Job représente un effort pathétique pour résoudre le problème. Sans prétendre apporter une formule définitive, l'auteur montre dans quelle direction il faut chercher la solution et met l'accent sur des vérités essentielles : la justice de Dieu est au-dessus de tous nos doutes, ses actes peuvent rester mystérieux, son infinie sagesse disposer de moyens qui nous échappent, un jour viendra où, après tant de souffrances et de dépouillements, notre âme le verra ; dès maintenant il faut nous assurer en Lui par une expérience vivante (Job 4:17 19:25-27,28 42:1-6 etc.). Le livre des Lamentations, dans une époque d'afflictions publiques, fait entendre une note analogue : il est bon d'attendre en silence le secours de l'Éternel (La 3:26).

L'enseignement du N.T. prolonge celui de l'A.T. Jésus ne pouvait pas ne pas rencontrer ces troublantes questions.

Il ne les a pas longuement discutées. Il nous a laissé des déclarations souveraines qui éclairent et rassurent (Mt 13:28 18:14). Il a voulu détourner ses disciples des vaines spéculations pour les amener à rentrer en eux-mêmes. Quel serait leur sort si la justice de Dieu s'exerçait à leur égard ? Ne leur convient-il pas, avant tout, de se repentir et de se donner ? (Lu 13:15, Jn 9:1-3) Cependant, pour le disciple du Christ en particulier, l'affliction a quelque chose de fatal. Elle naît de l'opposition entre l'idéal auquel il s'efforce de se conformer et la réalité mauvaise du monde où il vit : dans la mesure où il voudra servir son Maître, il se heurtera à l'opposition des hommes (Mt 24:9 10:24 et suivants Mat 24:21,29). Des prédictions analogues se retrouvent dans les épîtres et dans l'Apocalypse (1Co 7:28,2Co 1:8 2:4,1Pi 4:12, Ap 2:10 etc.).

Quelle doit être l'attitude du chrétien dans l'affliction ? Jésus et les apôtres se rencontrent dans l'affirmation de la même loi. Le chrétien ne se venge pas, car à Dieu seul appartient la rétribution (Ro 12:19,2Th 1:6, Ac 20:23, Ap 2:22, Ro 2:9, cf. Mt 5:44, etc.) ; mais il fait l'expérience des magnifiques compensations que l'affliction apporte avec elle : c'est par elle qu'il nous faut entrer dans le Royaume (Ac 14:22, cf. Jas 1:12). Il y a une bénédiction dans les larmes (Mt 5:4). Dans l'ordre normal des choses, acceptée et comprise comme elle doit l'être, l'affliction produit des fruits qui sont : le courage (1Th 3:3, Eph 3:13, Heb 10:32, Mt 13:21), la patience (Ro 12:12,2Co 6:4,2Th 1:4, Jas 5:10), la joie (2Co 7:4 8:2, Jn 16:21 et suivant, 1Th 1:6,1Pi 3:14 4:14, Heb 12:11). Dans les pires extrémités, l'enfant de Dieu se sentira uni à tous ceux qui passent par les mêmes tribulations que lui (1Pi 5:9, Ro 12:5, Heb 13:3) ; il deviendra capable d'un ministère de consolation (2Co 1:3-7) ; il communiera avec le Christ souffrant et triomphant et sera soutenu par la vision de la gloire a venir (2Co 4:17 et suivant). Vers la fin de sa course, saint Paul éprouvait la sainte ambition de s'associer à la Passion de son Sauveur (Col 1:24, cf. 1Pi 4:13) et le Seigneur lui-même a dit : « Vous aurez des afflictions dans le monde ; mais prenez. courage, j'ai vaincu le monde ! » (Jn 16:33). E. P.

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      2 Samuel 4

      9 David answered Rechab and Baanah his brother, the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, and said to them, "As Yahweh lives, who has redeemed my soul out of all adversity,

      Job 4

      17 'Shall mortal man be more just than God? Shall a man be more pure than his Maker?

      Job 8

      12 While it is yet in its greenness, not cut down, it withers before any other reed.
      14 Whose confidence shall break apart, Whose trust is a spider's web.
      20 "Behold, God will not cast away a blameless man, neither will he uphold the evildoers.

      Job 9

      2 "Truly I know that it is so, but how can man be just with God?

      Job 12

      3 But I have understanding as well as you; I am not inferior to you. Yes, who doesn't know such things as these?

      Job 19

      25 But as for me, I know that my Redeemer lives. In the end, he will stand upon the earth.

      Job 42

      1 Then Job answered Yahweh,

      Psaumes 22

      1 <> My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from helping me, and from the words of my groaning?
      2 My God, I cry in the daytime, but you don't answer; in the night season, and am not silent.
      3 But you are holy, you who inhabit the praises of Israel.
      4 Our fathers trusted in you. They trusted, and you delivered them.
      5 They cried to you, and were delivered. They trusted in you, and were not disappointed.
      6 But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised by the people.
      7 All those who see me mock me. They insult me with their lips. They shake their heads, saying,
      8 "He trusts in Yahweh; let him deliver him. Let him rescue him, since he delights in him."
      9 But you brought me out of the womb. You made me trust at my mother's breasts.
      10 I was thrown on you from my mother's womb. You are my God since my mother bore me.
      11 Don't be far from me, for trouble is near. For there is none to help.
      12 Many bulls have surrounded me. Strong bulls of Bashan have encircled me.
      13 They open their mouths wide against me, lions tearing prey and roaring.
      14 I am poured out like water. All my bones are out of joint. My heart is like wax; it is melted within me.
      15 My strength is dried up like a potsherd. My tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth. You have brought me into the dust of death.
      16 For dogs have surrounded me. A company of evildoers have enclosed me. They have pierced my hands and feet.
      17 I can count all of my bones. They look and stare at me.
      18 They divide my garments among them. They cast lots for my clothing.
      19 But don't be far off, Yahweh. You are my help: hurry to help me.
      20 Deliver my soul from the sword, my precious life from the power of the dog.
      21 Save me from the lion's mouth! Yes, from the horns of the wild oxen, you have answered me.
      22 I will declare your name to my brothers. In the midst of the assembly, I will praise you.
      23 You who fear Yahweh, praise him! All you descendants of Jacob, glorify him! Stand in awe of him, all you descendants of Israel!
      24 For he has not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted, Neither has he hidden his face from him; but when he cried to him, he heard.
      25 Of you comes my praise in the great assembly. I will pay my vows before those who fear him.
      26 The humble shall eat and be satisfied. They shall praise Yahweh who seek after him. Let your hearts live forever.
      27 All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to Yahweh. All the relatives of the nations shall worship before you.
      28 For the kingdom is Yahweh's. He is the ruler over the nations.
      29 All the rich ones of the earth shall eat and worship. All those who go down to the dust shall bow before him, even he who can't keep his soul alive.
      30 Posterity shall serve him. Future generations shall be told about the Lord.
      31 They shall come and shall declare his righteousness to a people that shall be born, for he has done it.

      Psaumes 32

      10 Many sorrows come to the wicked, but loving kindness shall surround him who trusts in Yahweh.

      Psaumes 34

      20 He protects all of his bones. Not one of them is broken.

      Psaumes 37

      1 <> Don't fret because of evildoers, neither be envious against those who work unrighteousness.
      2 For they shall soon be cut down like the grass, and wither like the green herb.
      3 Trust in Yahweh, and do good. Dwell in the land, and enjoy safe pasture.
      4 Also delight yourself in Yahweh, and he will give you the desires of your heart.
      5 Commit your way to Yahweh. Trust also in him, and he will do this:
      6 he will make your righteousness go forth as the light, and your justice as the noon day sun.
      7 Rest in Yahweh, and wait patiently for him. Don't fret because of him who prospers in his way, because of the man who makes wicked plots happen.
      8 Cease from anger, and forsake wrath. Don't fret, it leads only to evildoing.
      9 For evildoers shall be cut off, but those who wait for Yahweh shall inherit the land.
      10 For yet a little while, and the wicked will be no more. Yes, though you look for his place, he isn't there.
      11 But the humble shall inherit the land, and shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace.
      12 The wicked plots against the just, and gnashes at him with his teeth.
      13 The Lord will laugh at him, for he sees that his day is coming.
      14 The wicked have drawn out the sword, and have bent their bow, to cast down the poor and needy, to kill those who are upright in the way.
      15 Their sword shall enter into their own heart. Their bows shall be broken.
      16 Better is a little that the righteous has, than the abundance of many wicked.
      17 For the arms of the wicked shall be broken, but Yahweh upholds the righteous.
      18 Yahweh knows the days of the perfect. Their inheritance shall be forever.
      19 They shall not be disappointed in the time of evil. In the days of famine they shall be satisfied.
      20 But the wicked shall perish. The enemies of Yahweh shall be like the beauty of the fields. They will vanish-- vanish like smoke.
      21 The wicked borrow, and don't pay back, but the righteous give generously.
      22 For such as are blessed by him shall inherit the land. Those who are cursed by him shall be cut off.
      23 A man's goings are established by Yahweh. He delights in his way.
      24 Though he stumble, he shall not fall, for Yahweh holds him up with his hand.
      25 I have been young, and now am old, yet I have not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his children begging for bread.
      26 All day long he deals graciously, and lends. His seed is blessed.
      27 Depart from evil, and do good. Live securely forever.
      28 For Yahweh loves justice, and doesn't forsake his saints. They are preserved forever, but the children of the wicked shall be cut off.
      29 The righteous shall inherit the land, and live in it forever.
      30 The mouth of the righteous talks of wisdom. His tongue speaks justice.
      31 The law of his God is in his heart. None of his steps shall slide.
      32 The wicked watches the righteous, and seeks to kill him.
      33 Yahweh will not leave him in his hand, nor condemn him when he is judged.
      34 Wait for Yahweh, and keep his way, and he will exalt you to inherit the land. When the wicked are cut off, you shall see it.
      35 I have seen the wicked in great power, spreading himself like a green tree in its native soil.
      36 But he passed away, and behold, he was not. Yes, I sought him, but he could not be found.
      37 Mark the perfect man, and see the upright, for there is a future for the man of peace.
      38 As for transgressors, they shall be destroyed together. The future of the wicked shall be cut off.
      39 But the salvation of the righteous is from Yahweh. He is their stronghold in the time of trouble.
      40 Yahweh helps them, and rescues them. He rescues them from the wicked, and saves them, Because they have taken refuge in him.

      Psaumes 73

      2 But as for me, my feet were almost gone. My steps had nearly slipped.
      3 For I was envious of the arrogant, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked.
      4 For there are no struggles in their death, but their strength is firm.
      5 They are free from burdens of men, neither are they plagued like other men.
      6 Therefore pride is like a chain around their neck. Violence covers them like a garment.
      7 Their eyes bulge with fat. Their minds pass the limits of conceit.
      8 They scoff and speak with malice. In arrogance, they threaten oppression.
      9 They have set their mouth in the heavens. Their tongue walks through the earth.
      10 Therefore their people return to them, and they drink up waters of abundance.
      11 They say, "How does God know? Is there knowledge in the Most High?"
      12 Behold, these are the wicked. Being always at ease, they increase in riches.
      13 Surely in vain I have cleansed my heart, and washed my hands in innocence,
      14 For all day long have I been plagued, and punished every morning.
      15 If I had said, "I will speak thus"; behold, I would have betrayed the generation of your children.
      16 When I tried to understand this, it was too painful for me;
      17 Until I entered God's sanctuary, and considered their latter end.
      18 Surely you set them in slippery places. You throw them down to destruction.
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