ARBRE

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Le mot éts est un des substantifs qu'on rencontre le plus souvent dans l'A.T. ; il y a surtout le sens de bois, toutefois dans une centaine de passages il a celui d'arbre.

On peut relever les points suivants relatifs à l'arbre.

--La fécondité de l'arbre fruitier dépend de Dieu, (Le 26:4,20) mais les guerres lui étaient néfastes. (De 20:20,2Ro 3:19, Jer 6:6)

--Sept fois l'arbre sert de potence (Ge 40:19, De 21:22,23 Jos 8:29 10:26,27 Est 2:23) où la désignation de la croix du Seigneur par le mot poét. « le bois » ; (Ac 5:30 10:39 13:29, Ga 3:13,1Pi 2:24) les Pères de l'Église aimaient à opposer le premier arbre, dont le fruit introduisit la mort dans le monde (Ge 3), et le deuxième, dont les feuilles sont pour la guérison des nations (Ap 22:2).

--Quatorze fois il est question d'arbres verdoyants, verts, touffus ; (De 12:2 16:21, Esa 57:5, Jer 2:20 3:6-13 17 2,8, Eze 6:13 20:28,1 Ro 14:23,2 Ro 16:4 17:10,2Ch 28:4) il s'agit alors des sacrifices que les Israélites, à l'imitation des idolâtres, offraient sur les hauts-lieux, hauteurs où une irrigation souterraine abondante favorisait le développement d'une riche végétation arborescente. Au désert l'arbre ne prospérait qu'aux oasis ; il fut donc associé aux sources bienfaisantes dans la religion sémitique primitive, et le culte de l'arbre sacré se perpétua longtemps (cf. Ge 12:6 13:18 21:33, Jug 9:37, 1Sa 14:2 31:13, 2Sa 5:24, etc.). Voir HAUT-LIEU.

L'arbre est une image de force, de longévité, d'arrogance, quelques fois suivie d'une chute soudaine (Esa 2:13 10:33 65:22, Eze 17:22 31:3 et suivants, Job 19:10, etc.) ; on connaît la fable des arbres cherchant un roi (Jug 9:8-15). Pour les arbres du jardin d'Éden (Ge 2, Ge 3), voir CHUTE.

Ailleurs, quatre fois il est parlé d'un arbre de vie (Pr 3:18 11:30 13:12 15:4) ; les commentateurs supposent qu'il faut interpréter comme suit ces passages : « La sagesse est une source de longue vie pour ceux qui la saisissent » ; « l'oeuvre du juste est une source de longue vie » ; « le souhait accompli est une source de paix » ; « une langue qui apaise est une source de paix ». Le terme arbre de vie se rattache peut-être par allusion à l'arbre de vie du jardin d'Éden (Ge 2:9), mais ici la longévité promise au sage est due à une qualité de l'esprit et du coeur. D'ailleurs le juste est souvent comparé à un bon arbre fruitier.

--Voir (Jer 17:8, Ps 1:3, Mt 3:10 7:17 12:33) Forêt, et les divers noms d'arbres. Ch. -Ed. M.

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  Genèse 2
  
  1 The heavens and the earth were finished, and all their vast array.
  
  2 On the seventh day God finished his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
  
  3 God blessed the seventh day, and made it holy, because he rested in it from all his work which he had created and made.
  
  4 This is the history of the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that Yahweh God made the earth and the heavens.
  
  5 No plant of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for Yahweh God had not caused it to rain on the earth. There was not a man to till the ground,
  
  6 but a mist went up from the earth, and watered the whole surface of the ground.
  
  7 Yahweh God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
  
  8 Yahweh God planted a garden eastward, in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.
  
  9 Out of the ground Yahweh God made every tree to grow that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the middle of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
  
  10 A river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it was parted, and became four heads.
  
  11 The name of the first is Pishon: this is the one which flows through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
  
  12 and the gold of that land is good. There is aromatic resin and the onyx stone.
  
  13 The name of the second river is Gihon: the same river that flows through the whole land of Cush.
  
  14 The name of the third river is Hiddekel: this is the one which flows in front of Assyria. The fourth river is the Euphrates.
  
  15 Yahweh God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
  
  16 Yahweh God commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat;
  
  17 but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it; for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die."
  
  18 Yahweh God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper suitable for him."
  
  19 Out of the ground Yahweh God formed every animal of the field, and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. Whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name.
  
  20 The man gave names to all livestock, and to the birds of the sky, and to every animal of the field; but for man there was not found a helper suitable for him.
  
  21 Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall on the man, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in its place.
  
  22 He made the rib, which Yahweh God had taken from the man, into a woman, and brought her to the man.
  
  23 The man said, "This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. She will be called 'woman,' because she was taken out of Man."
  
  24 Therefore a man will leave his father and his mother, and will join with his wife, and they will be one flesh.
  
  25 They were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.
  
  Genèse 3
  
  1 Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal of the field which Yahweh God had made. He said to the woman, "Has God really said, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'"
  
  2 The woman said to the serpent, "Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat,
  
  3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
  
  4 The serpent said to the woman, "You won't surely die,
  
  5 for God knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil."
  
  6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
  
  7 The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
  
  8 They heard the voice of Yahweh God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of Yahweh God among the trees of the garden.
  
  9 Yahweh God called to the man, and said to him, "Where are you?"
  
  10 The man said, "I heard your voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself."
  
  11 God said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?"
  
  12 The man said, "The woman whom you gave to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate."
  
  13 Yahweh God said to the woman, "What is this you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent deceived me, and I ate."
  
  14 Yahweh God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, you are cursed above all livestock, and above every animal of the field. On your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life.
  
  15 I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you will bruise his heel."
  
  16 To the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth. In pain you will bear children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you."
  
  17 To Adam he said, "Because you have listened to your wife's voice, and have eaten of the tree, of which I commanded you, saying, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground for your sake. In toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
  
  18 It will yield thorns and thistles to you; and you will eat the herb of the field.
  
  19 By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken. For you are dust, and to dust you shall return."
  
  20 The man called his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all living.
  
  21 Yahweh God made coats of skins for Adam and for his wife, and clothed them.
  
  22 Yahweh God said, "Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand, and also take of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever..."
  
  23 Therefore Yahweh God sent him out from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken.
  
  24 So he drove out the man; and he placed Cherubs at the east of the garden of Eden, and the flame of a sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life.
  
  Genèse 12
  
  6 Abram passed through the land to the place of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. The Canaanite was then in the land.
  
  Genèse 13
  
  18 Abram moved his tent, and came and lived by the oaks of Mamre, which are in Hebron, and built an altar there to Yahweh.
  
  Genèse 21
  
  33 Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and called there on the name of Yahweh, the Everlasting God.
  
  Genèse 40
  
  19 Within three more days, Pharaoh will lift up your head from off you, and will hang you on a tree; and the birds will eat your flesh from off you."
  
  Lévitique 26
  
  4 then I will give you your rains in their season, and the land shall yield its increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit.
  
  20 and your strength will be spent in vain; for your land won't yield its increase, neither will the trees of the land yield their fruit.
  
  Josué 8
  
  29 He hanged the king of Ai on a tree until the evening, and at the sundown Joshua commanded, and they took his body down from the tree, and threw it at the entrance of the gate of the city, and raised a great heap of stones on it that remains to this day.
  
  Josué 10
  
  26 Afterward Joshua struck them, put them to death, and hanged them on five trees. They were hanging on the trees until the evening.
  
  Juges 9
  
  8 The trees went forth on a time to anoint a king over them; and they said to the olive tree, 'Reign over us.'
  
  9 "But the olive tree said to them, 'Should I leave my fatness, with which by me they honor God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
  
  10 "The trees said to the fig tree, 'Come and reign over us.'
  
  11 "But the fig tree said to them, 'Should I leave my sweetness, and my good fruit, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
  
  12 "The trees said to the vine, 'Come and reign over us.'
  
  13 "The vine said to them, 'Should I leave my new wine, which cheers God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
  
  14 "Then all the trees said to the bramble, 'Come and reign over us.'
  
  15 "The bramble said to the trees, 'If in truth you anoint me king over you, then come and take refuge in my shade; and if not, let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon.'
  
  37 Gaal spoke again and said, "Behold, people are coming down by the middle of the land, and one company comes by the way of the oak of Meonenim."
  
  1 Samuel 14
  
  2 Saul stayed in the uttermost part of Gibeah under the pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people who were with him were about six hundred men;
  
  2 Samuel 5
  
  24 It shall be, when you hear the sound of marching in the tops of the mulberry trees, that then you shall stir yourself up; for then Yahweh has gone out before you to strike the army of the Philistines."
  
  2 Chroniques 28
  
  4 He sacrificed and burnt incense in the high places, and on the hills, and under every green tree.
  
  Esther 2
  
  23 When this matter was investigated, and it was found to be so, they were both hanged on a tree; and it was written in the book of the chronicles in the king's presence.
  
  Job 19
  
  10 He has broken me down on every side, and I am gone. My hope he has plucked up like a tree.
  
  Psaumes 1
  
  3 He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season, whose leaf also does not wither. Whatever he does shall prosper.
  
  Proverbes 3
  
  18 She is a tree of life to those who lay hold of her. Happy is everyone who retains her.
  
  Proverbes 11
  
  30 The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life. He who is wise wins souls.
  
  Proverbes 13
  
  12 Hope deferred makes the heart sick, but when longing is fulfilled, it is a tree of life.
  
  Proverbes 15
  
  4 A gentle tongue is a tree of life, but deceit in it crushes the spirit.
  
  Esaïe 2
  
  13 For all the cedars of Lebanon, that are high and lifted up, for all the oaks of Bashan,
  
  Esaïe 10
  
  33 Behold, the Lord, Yahweh of Armies, will lop the boughs with terror. The tall will be cut down, and the lofty will be brought low.
  
  Esaïe 57
  
  5 you who inflame yourselves among the oaks, under every green tree; who kill the children in the valleys, under the clefts of the rocks?
  
  Esaïe 65
  
  22 They shall not build, and another inhabit; they shall not plant, and another eat: for as the days of a tree shall be the days of my people, and my chosen shall long enjoy the work of their hands.
  
  Jérémie 2
  
  20 "For of old time I have broken your yoke, and burst your bonds; and you said, 'I will not serve;' for on every high hill and under every green tree you bowed yourself, playing the prostitute.
  
  Jérémie 3
  
  6 Moreover, Yahweh said to me in the days of Josiah the king, "Have you seen that which backsliding Israel has done? She has gone up on every high mountain and under every green tree, and there has played the prostitute.
  
  Jérémie 6
  
  6 For Yahweh of Armies said, "Cut down trees, and cast up a mound against Jerusalem: this is the city to be visited; she is wholly oppression in the midst of her.
  
  Jérémie 17
  
  2 while their children remember their altars and their Asherim by the green trees on the high hills.
  
  8 For he shall be as a tree planted by the waters, who spreads out its roots by the river, and shall not fear when heat comes, but its leaf shall be green; and shall not be careful in the year of drought, neither shall cease from yielding fruit.
  
  Ezéchiel 6
  
  13 You shall know that I am Yahweh, when their slain men shall be among their idols around their altars, on every high hill, on all the tops of the mountains, and under every green tree, and under every thick oak, the places where they offered pleasant aroma to all their idols.
  
  Ezéchiel 17
  
  22 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: I will also take of the lofty top of the cedar, and will set it; I will crop off from the topmost of its young twigs a tender one, and I will plant it on a high and lofty mountain:
  
  Ezéchiel 20
  
  1 It happened in the seventh year, in the fifth [month], the tenth [day] of the month, that certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of Yahweh, and sat before me.
  
  28 For when I had brought them into the land, which I swore to give to them, then they saw every high hill, and every thick tree, and they offered there their sacrifices, and there they presented the provocation of their offering; there also they made their pleasant aroma, and they poured out there their drink offerings.
  
  Ezéchiel 31
  
  3 Behold, the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with beautiful branches, and with a forest-like shade, and of high stature; and its top was among the thick boughs.
  
  Matthieu 3
  
  10 "Even now the axe lies at the root of the trees. Therefore every tree that doesn't bring forth good fruit is cut down, and cast into the fire.
  
  Matthieu 7
  
  17 Even so, every good tree produces good fruit; but the corrupt tree produces evil fruit.
  
  Matthieu 12
  
  33 "Either make the tree good, and its fruit good, or make the tree corrupt, and its fruit corrupt; for the tree is known by its fruit.
  
  Actes 5
  
  30 The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom you killed, hanging him on a tree.
  
  Actes 10
  
  39 We are witnesses of everything he did both in the country of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they also killed, hanging him on a tree.
  
  Actes 13
  
  29 When they had fulfilled all things that were written about him, they took him down from the tree, and laid him in a tomb.
  
  Romains 14
  
  2 One man has faith to eat all things, but he who is weak eats only vegetables.
  
  23 But he who doubts is condemned if he eats, because it isn't of faith; and whatever is not of faith is sin. (14:24) Now to him who is able to establish you according to my Good News and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery which has been kept secret through long ages, (14:25) but now is revealed, and by the Scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the eternal God, is made known for obedience of faith to all the nations; (14:26) to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ, to whom be the glory forever! Amen.
  
  Romains 16
  
  4 who for my life, laid down their own necks; to whom not only I give thanks, but also all the assemblies of the Gentiles.
  
  Galates 3
  
  13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us. For it is written, "Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree,"

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