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ARMÉE

Les armées d'Israël ont suivi la même évolution que sa civilisation.

1. Origines.

Aux temps patriarcaux, nous voyons Abraham armer 318 de ses serviteurs les plus braves, et, avec ses alliés d'Hébron, délivrer son neveu Lot de la main des rois envahisseurs (Ge 14:13-16). Plus tard, après l'exode, les Israélites semblent s'être donné une première organisation militaire en prenant pour exemple ce qu'ils avaient vu en Egypte. Tous les hommes sont soldats, de 20 ans (No 1:1-3 26:1 et suivant) à 50 (Josèphe), peut-être même à 60 ans (Le 27:3,7). C'est la nation armée, qui n'a de troupes que pour les jours de guerre. Les combattants marchent par tribu, sous la bannière de leur chef (No 2:3 10:14-27). L'ordre de cette milice, qui contraste avec les habitudes désordonnées des arabes du désert, excite l'admiration de Balaam (No 24). On marchait par sections de 10, 50, 100, 1.000 hommes (Ex 18:21). Au temps des Juges, Abimélec tenta un premier essai d'armée permanente pour des fins politiques ; mais il fut tué et son dessein échoua (Jug 9). Il est à remarquer que les troupes façonnées par Samuel triomphèrent des Philistins qui, au point de vue de l'armement comme des moeurs guerrières, étaient fort redoutables (1Sa 7:13). L'ouverture des hostilités s'annonçait au son de la trompette ou par l'envoi symbolique de pièces à conviction ; l'ardeur des combattants était stimulée par les discours enflammés de personnalités qui s'imposaient par leur patriotisme ou par leur dignité sacerdotale (Jug 3:27 6:31 Jug 4 et Jug 5:19:29,1Sa 11:7, Jer 4:19). Mais parfois telle tribu s'abstenait ou agissait mollement ; quand l'affaire semblait mal engagée, la dispersion menaçait. Une fois la campagne finie, chacun rentrait dans ses foyers (Jug 5, Jug 6, Jug 12, Jug 18,1Sa 13:8).

2. L'armée sous la royauté.

Dès l'avènement du premier roi, l'armée devint une institution permanente. Quelques milliers d'hommes d'abord, mais qui furent le noyau de troupes régulières, à l'organisation desquelles Saül donna le plus grand soin (1Sa 14:52). David fut le vrai créateur de l'armée israélite. Il s'était fait la main pendant les années agitées de son conflit avec Saül (1Sa 22:3 23:13). Il s'entoura d'une garde qu'il avait eu soin, pour sa sécurité personnelle, de choisir en grande partie au pays de son fidèle ami des mauvais jours, Akis, roi de Gath (1Sa 27). Il avait aussi à son service une légion étrangère composée de Crétois (Kéréthiens), de Philistins, (Péléthiens, 2Sa 15:18) peut-être aussi de Hittites. Les gibborim d'Israël, « vaillants hommes », qu'il avait formés, lui constituaient un état-major d'où il tirait les commandants des divisions de son armée (2Sa 23:8,39,1Ch 27:1-15). Bien que la situation et les proportions aient été, dans 1 Chron., grandement idéalisées, nous en savons assez pour comprendre que les belles campagnes de David s'expliquent non seulement par son génie de stratège, mais aussi par la forte organisation qu'il avait donnée à ses troupes. Celles-ci ne renfermaient pourtant encore que des fantassins, suivant l'usage des anciennes dynasties de l'Egypte. Salomon introduisit dans l'armée d'Israël la cavalerie et les chariots de guerre en usage chez leurs voisins immédiats : Cananéens, Philistins, Syriens, et dont les Égyptiens se servaient depuis le temps des Hyksos. Bien que la nécessité de ces moyens de défense parût imposée par les pratiques des armées étrangères, les prophètes ne cessèrent de tonner contre les chars et les chevaux, dont la présence, dans les milices d'Israël, leur apparaissait comme un manque de foi dans le secours de Jéhovah (Os 1:7, Mic 5:9, Esa 2:7-11 36:9 etc.). Et de fait, Jéhovah, qui conduit les guerres d'Israël, ne veut pas que son peuple attribue aux ressources d'une armée humaine les victoires par lesquelles la Providence divine l'achemine vers son destin (Jug 7:2-9, Esa 30:15-17 31:1 etc.). Le chap. 20 du Deutéronome nous montre d'autre part que l'armée de Jéhovah (De 20), recrutée avec un étonnant libéralisme, (cf. De 24) et qui doit se comporter dans la guerre avec humanité (offrir la paix, respecter les arbres), a pour mission de se montrer impitoyable vis-à-vis des populations dont le territoire est échu à Israël de par la volonté de Jéhovah ; cela, afin que la religion de Jéhovah ne puisse être contaminée par des promiscuités tentatrices. On voit clairement que, pour l'auteur de ce chapitre, Jéhovah seul est maître de la vie ; il la donne, il la retire sans avoir de compte à rendre à personne, suivant les. nécessités de son dessein. L'homme n'a pas droit à la vie par le seul fait qu'il vit. La vie humaine n'a de valeur et ne mérite de durée que dans la mesure où elle est dans le plan de Dieu, le seul vivant, le seul vivificateur. C'est ainsi que pour la conduite des armées, la loi cananéenne de l'interdit--dont le but était d'affaiblir la puissance vengeresse du dieu des vaincus, en le privant de ses adorateurs nourriciers--s'insère dans la théologie hébraïque et y revêt une farouche grandeur (rappr. De 20:16-18 de De 13 17:2-7).

3. Armement.

Les troupes à pied, qui étaient la grande masse de l'armée, (cf. 1Sa 4:10 15:4) se divisaient en infanterie légère, portant le petit bouclier et combattant soit avec l'arc soit avec la fronde, et l'infanterie de choc, qui combattait avec l'épée, la lance, le javelot, et se couvrait du grand bouclier. Jusqu'au schisme, il semblerait que la répartition des armes se fît suivant les aptitudes des tribus : les Benjamites étaient avant tout des archers, et ils excellaient à la fronde (Jug 20:16,1Ch 12:2) ; Nephthali portait le javelot (1Ch 12:34) ; Juda et Gad maniaient la lance massive (1Ch 12:8,24), etc. A l'appel des armes, chaque tribu était tenue d'envoyer tous les hommes disponibles, et l'armée était constituée par les diverses unités des tribus, fournissant chacune ses spécialistes pour l'offensive. Voir Armes.

4. Commandement.

L'armée, commandée par des chefs de sections et de divisions pour les fantassins, par des « chefs de chariots » et des « chefs de chevaux » pour le reste des troupes (1Sa 8:12 18:13,2Sa 18:1,2Ro 1:9 9:5,2Ch 25:5, 1Ma 3:55, cf. 1Ro 9:22 et Ex 18:21, De 1:15), avait à sa tête, comme les armées étrangères, un généralissime, le Sar Hatsâbâh. Tels Abner (1Sa 17:55), Joab (2Sa 8:16), Bénaja (1Ro 4:4). Ce chef suprême commandait à toute l'armée du roi, sauf, semble-t-il, à la garde royale qui avait ses chefs et ne relevait que du roi (2Sa 15:18, cf. 1Ch 27:1).

5. Effectifs.

La question des chiffres est toujours fort difficile pour l'antique Orient, où l'on comptait plus aisément avec son imagination qu'avec des statistiques. Qu'il s'agisse d'âges, de populations, ou qu'il soit question d'effectifs, on peut dire de façon générale qu'en Israël les nombres vont s'amplifiant à mesure que le document s'éloigne des origines et appartient à la littérature sacerdotale. C'est ainsi que le vieux récit Jug 18 nous montre la tribu de Dan assemblant 600 hommes sur son petit territoire pour aller conquérir de plus larges espaces, tandis que la tradition sacerdotale raconte que, déjà au temps de Moïse, Dan comptait 64.400 guerriers (No 26:43). 1Ro 20 donne 7.000 hommes comme le gros de l'armée d'Achab, tandis que 2Ch 17 attribue à Josaphat, son contemporain et roi d'un plus petit territoire, une armée de 1.160.000 hommes, sans compter les troupes des places fortes. Les chiffres fort vraisemblables, indiqués dans 2Ro 13:7 24:16, montrent ce qu'il faut penser du récit de bataille que nous fait 2Ch 13, où nous voyons 400.000 hommes de Juda affronter 800.000 hommes d'Israël, et exterminer 500.000 hommes de cette armée. Ici, comme bien souvent ailleurs, nous nous trouvons en dehors des perspectives historiques comme des possibilités de la Palestine, et nous avons à nous souvenir que, pour le rédacteur de 2Sa 24, faire un recensement équivalait à pécher contre Jéhovah.

6. Ravitaillement.

Avant les rois, les troupes n'étant réunies qu'occasionnellement, chacun pourvoyait à son équipement et à sa subsistance. (cf. 1Sa 17:17 et suivant) Nous trouvons pourtant dans Jug 20:10 un rudiment d'intendance. Les dons volontaires et les réquisitions jouaient leur rôle (2Sa 17:28 et suivant, Jug 8:5-17), l'intimidation aussi (1Sa 25), sans parler des pillages et des razzias. Le butin devait être partagé entre les combattants et ceux qui étaient restés près des bagages (1Sa 30:24). Quand l'armée eut une organisation permanente, les rois prirent à leur charge la nourriture des soldats. (cf. 1Ro 4:27) Des arsenaux fournissaient le matériel de guerre (2Ro 20:13, Ne 3:19, cf. Jer 50:25). Mais les milices ne paraissent pas avoir reçu de solde en Israël jusqu'à l'époque des Macchabées. Seules les troupes mercenaires touchaient de l'argent. Josèphe (Ant., XIII, 8:4) raconte que Jean Hyrcan profana la sépulture de David pour en tirer les talents nécessaires à la solde de ses troupes étrangères. Bientôt le métier des armes devint une carrière lucrative, si bien que nous voyons les Juifs eux-mêmes s'enrôler à prix d'argent dans les armées des Séleucides et des Ptolémées, où ils étaient très recherchés à cause de leur loyalisme et de leur courage (Jos., Ant., XI, 8:5, etc. ; 1Ma 10:34-36).

7. Armées étrangères.

Les principales armées contre lesquelles Israël eut à lutter sont : l'armée assyrienne, terrible par ses chars, ses cavaliers et la cruauté de ses moeurs (Na 2) ; elle était commandée par un Tartan, et les plus hauts dignitaires de son état-major portaient le titre de Rab Chaké et Rab Saris (2Ro 18:17). L'armée caldéenne, armée de proie comme l'assyrienne, et qui possédait, outre ses troupes de terre, une armée de mer (Esa 43:14) ; Babylone est restée célèbre comme Ninive par ses destructions et ses déportations en masse (2Ro 25:9-11, Jer 39:8 et suivant). L'armée égyptienne, bien disciplinée, habile à manier les chars à deux chevaux, et qui enrôlait beaucoup d'auxiliaires et de mercenaires (Jer 46:9). L'armée philistine, très entraînée, de tempérament guerrier, et possédant de solides armures (1Sa 17:5-7, cf. Jug 1:19,1Sa 13:19 et suivant) ; les Philistins furent les instructeurs de David (1Sa 27:2). L'armée syrienne, fort semblable à celle d'Israël jusqu'aux jours des Séleucides, où elle devint terrible par la phalange macédonienne, ainsi que par l'usage des éléphants tirés de l'Inde (1Ma 1:18 3:34 etc.), que nous voyons représentés sur les monnaies des rois de Syrie. Enfin l'armée romaine, dont la puissance devait mettre fin à la vie politique des Juifs. Celle-ci est mentionnée pour la première fois dans 1Ma 8:1-3. Mais les autres armées étrangères jouent un rôle considérable dans les discours des prophètes, comme dans leur action. Elles ont aussi inspiré bien des pages du psautier, auquel les Huguenots ont emprunté leur Psaume des batailles. --Voir (Ps 68) Bertholet, Hist. Civ. Isr., p. 288SS. Alex. W.

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      Genèse 14

      13 One who had escaped came and told Abram, the Hebrew. Now he lived by the oaks of Mamre, the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner; and these were allies of Abram.
      14 When Abram heard that his relative was taken captive, he led out his trained men, born in his house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued as far as Dan.
      15 He divided himself against them by night, he and his servants, and struck them, and pursued them to Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus.
      16 He brought back all the goods, and also brought back his relative, Lot, and his goods, and the women also, and the people.

      Exode 18

      21 Moreover you shall provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God: men of truth, hating unjust gain; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens.

      Lévitique 20

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Moreover, you shall tell the children of Israel, 'Anyone of the children of Israel, or of the strangers who live as foreigners in Israel, who gives any of his seed to Molech; he shall surely be put to death. The people of the land shall stone him with stones.
      3 I also will set my face against that person, and will cut him off from among his people because he has given of his seed to Molech, to defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name.
      4 If the people of the land all hide their eyes from that person, when he gives of his seed to Molech, and don't put him to death;
      5 then I will set my face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all who play the prostitute after him, to play the prostitute with Molech, from among their people.
      6 "'The person that turns to those who are mediums, and to the wizards, to play the prostitute after them, I will even set my face against that person, and will cut him off from among his people.
      7 "'Sanctify yourselves therefore, and be holy; for I am Yahweh your God.
      8 You shall keep my statutes, and do them. I am Yahweh who sanctifies you.
      9 "'For everyone who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death: he has cursed his father or his mother; his blood shall be upon him.
      10 "'The man who commits adultery with another man's wife, even he who commits adultery with his neighbor's wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.
      11 "'The man who lies with his father's wife has uncovered his father's nakedness: both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.
      12 "'If a man lies with his daughter-in-law, both of them shall surely be put to death: they have committed a perversion; their blood shall be upon them.
      13 "'If a man lies with a male, as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.
      14 "'If a man takes a wife and her mother, it is wickedness: they shall be burned with fire, both he and they; that there may be no wickedness among you.
      15 "'If a man lies with an animal, he shall surely be put to death; and you shall kill the animal.
      16 "'If a woman approaches any animal, and lies down with it, you shall kill the woman, and the animal: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.
      17 "'If a man takes his sister, his father's daughter, or his mother's daughter, and sees her nakedness, and she sees his nakedness; it is a shameful thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of the children of their people: he has uncovered his sister's nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.
      18 "'If a man lies with a woman having her monthly period, and uncovers her nakedness; he has made naked her fountain, and she has uncovered the fountain of her blood: and both of them shall be cut off from among their people.
      19 "'You shall not uncover the nakedness of your mother's sister, nor of your father's sister; for he has made naked his close relative: they shall bear their iniquity.
      20 If a man lies with his uncle's wife, he has uncovered his uncle's nakedness: they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless.
      21 "'If a man takes his brother's wife, it is an impurity: he has uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless.
      22 "'You shall therefore keep all my statutes, and all my ordinances, and do them; that the land, where I am bringing you to dwell, may not vomit you out.
      23 You shall not walk in the customs of the nation, which I am casting out before you: for they did all these things, and therefore I abhorred them.
      24 But I have said to you, "You shall inherit their land, and I will give it to you to possess it, a land flowing with milk and honey." I am Yahweh your God, who has separated you from the peoples.
      25 "'You shall therefore make a distinction between the clean animal and the unclean, and between the unclean fowl and the clean: and you shall not make yourselves abominable by animal, or by bird, or by anything with which the ground teems, which I have separated from you as unclean for you.
      26 You shall be holy to me: for I, Yahweh, am holy, and have set you apart from the peoples, that you should be mine.
      27 "'A man or a woman that is a medium, or is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones; their blood shall be upon them.'"

      Lévitique 27

      3 Your valuation shall be of a male from twenty years old even to sixty years old, even your valuation shall be fifty shekels of silver, after the shekel of the sanctuary.
      7 If the person is from sixty years old and upward; if it is a male, then your valuation shall be fifteen shekels, and for a female ten shekels.

      Nombres 1

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they had come out of the land of Egypt, saying,
      2 "Take a census of all the congregation of the children of Israel, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, every male, one by one;
      3 from twenty years old and upward, all who are able to go out to war in Israel. You and Aaron shall number them by their divisions.

      Nombres 2

      3 Those who encamp on the east side toward the sunrise shall be of the standard of the camp of Judah, according to their divisions: and the prince of the children of Judah shall be Nahshon the son of Amminadab.

      Nombres 10

      14 First, the standard of the camp of the children of Judah went forward according to their armies. Nahshon the son of Amminadab was over his army.

      Nombres 24

      1 When Balaam saw that it pleased Yahweh to bless Israel, he didn't go, as at the other times, to meet with enchantments, but he set his face toward the wilderness.
      2 Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel dwelling according to their tribes; and the Spirit of God came on him.
      3 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
      4 he says, who hears the words of God, who sees the vision of the Almighty, falling down, and having his eyes open:
      5 How goodly are your tents, Jacob, and your tents, Israel!
      6 As valleys they are spread forth, as gardens by the riverside, as aloes which Yahweh has planted, as cedar trees beside the waters.
      7 Water shall flow from his buckets. His seed shall be in many waters. His king shall be higher than Agag. His kingdom shall be exalted.
      8 God brings him out of Egypt. He has as it were the strength of the wild ox. He shall eat up the nations his adversaries, shall break their bones in pieces, and pierce them with his arrows.
      9 He couched, he lay down as a lion, as a lioness; who shall rouse him up? Everyone who blesses you is blessed. Everyone who curses you is cursed."
      10 Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam, and he struck his hands together; and Balak said to Balaam, "I called you to curse my enemies, and, behold, you have altogether blessed them these three times.
      11 Therefore now flee you to your place! I thought to promote you to great honor; but, behold, Yahweh has kept you back from honor."
      12 Balaam said to Balak, "Didn't I also tell your messengers who you sent to me, saying,
      13 'If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I can't go beyond the word of Yahweh, to do either good or bad of my own mind. I will say what Yahweh says'?
      14 Now, behold, I go to my people: come, I will inform you what this people shall do to your people in the latter days."
      15 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
      16 he says, who hears the words of God, knows the knowledge of the Most High, and who sees the vision of the Almighty, Falling down, and having his eyes open:
      17 I see him, but not now. I see him, but not near. A star will come out of Jacob. A scepter will rise out of Israel, and shall strike through the corners of Moab, and break down all the sons of Sheth.
      18 Edom shall be a possession. Seir, his enemies, also shall be a possession, while Israel does valiantly.
      19 Out of Jacob shall one have dominion, and shall destroy the remnant from the city."
      20 He looked at Amalek, and took up his parable, and said, "Amalek was the first of the nations, But his latter end shall come to destruction."
      21 He looked at the Kenite, and took up his parable, and said, "Your dwelling place is strong. Your nest is set in the rock.
      22 Nevertheless Kain shall be wasted, until Asshur carries you away captive."
      23 He took up his parable, and said, "Alas, who shall live when God does this?
      24 But ships shall come from the coast of Kittim. They shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber. He also shall come to destruction."
      25 Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place; and Balak also went his way.

      Nombres 26

      1 It happened after the plague, that Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, saying,
      43 All the families of the Shuhamites, according to those who were numbered of them, were sixty-four thousand four hundred.

      Juges 1

      19 Yahweh was with Judah; and drove out the inhabitants of the hill country; for he could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron.

      Juges 3

      27 It happened, when he had come, that he blew a trumpet in the hill country of Ephraim; and the children of Israel went down with him from the hill country, and he before them.

      Juges 4

      1 The children of Israel again did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, when Ehud was dead.
      2 Yahweh sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, who reigned in Hazor; the captain of whose army was Sisera, who lived in Harosheth of the Gentiles.
      3 The children of Israel cried to Yahweh: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel.
      4 Now Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lappidoth, she judged Israel at that time.
      5 She lived under the palm tree of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim: and the children of Israel came up to her for judgment.
      6 She sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of Kedesh Naphtali, and said to him, "Hasn't Yahweh, the God of Israel, commanded, 'Go and draw to Mount Tabor, and take with you ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun?
      7 I will draw to you, to the river Kishon, Sisera, the captain of Jabin's army, with his chariots and his multitude; and I will deliver him into your hand.'"
      8 Barak said to her, "If you will go with me, then I will go; but if you will not go with me, I will not go."
      9 She said, "I will surely go with you: nevertheless, the journey that you take shall not be for your honor; for Yahweh will sell Sisera into the hand of a woman." Deborah arose, and went with Barak to Kedesh.
      10 Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali together to Kedesh; and there went up ten thousand men at his feet: and Deborah went up with him.
      11 Now Heber the Kenite had separated himself from the Kenites, even from the children of Hobab the brother-in-law of Moses, and had pitched his tent as far as the oak in Zaanannim, which is by Kedesh.
      12 They told Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was gone up to Mount Tabor.
      13 Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hundred chariots of iron, and all the people who were with him, from Harosheth of the Gentiles, to the river Kishon.
      14 Deborah said to Barak, "Go; for this is the day in which Yahweh has delivered Sisera into your hand. Hasn't Yahweh gone out before you?" So Barak went down from Mount Tabor, and ten thousand men after him.
      15 Yahweh confused Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his army, with the edge of the sword before Barak; and Sisera alighted from his chariot, and fled away on his feet.
      16 But Barak pursued after the chariots, and after the army, to Harosheth of the Gentiles: and all the army of Sisera fell by the edge of the sword; there was not a man left.
      17 However Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite; for there was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite.
      18 Jael went out to meet Sisera, and said to him, "Turn in, my lord, turn in to me; don't be afraid." He came in to her into the tent, and she covered him with a rug.
      19 He said to her, "Please give me a little water to drink; for I am thirsty." She opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink, and covered him.
      20 He said to her, "Stand in the door of the tent, and it shall be, when any man comes and inquires of you, and says, 'Is there any man here?' that you shall say, 'No.'"
      21 Then Jael Heber's wife took a tent peg, and took a hammer in her hand, and went softly to him, and struck the pin into his temples, and it pierced through into the ground; for he was in a deep sleep; so he swooned and died.
      22 Behold, as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael came out to meet him, and said to him, "Come, and I will show you the man whom you seek." He came to her; and behold, Sisera lay dead, and the tent peg was in his temples.
      23 So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before the children of Israel.
      24 The hand of the children of Israel prevailed more and more against Jabin the king of Canaan, until they had destroyed Jabin king of Canaan.

      Juges 5

      1 Then Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam sang on that day, saying,
      2 "Because the leaders took the lead in Israel, because the people offered themselves willingly, be blessed, Yahweh!
      3 "Hear, you kings! Give ear, you princes! I, even I, will sing to Yahweh. I will sing praise to Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      4 "Yahweh, when you went forth out of Seir, when you marched out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, the sky also dropped. Yes, the clouds dropped water.
      5 The mountains quaked at the presence of Yahweh, even Sinai, at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      6 "In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were unoccupied. The travelers walked through byways.
      7 The rulers ceased in Israel. They ceased until I, Deborah, arose; Until I arose a mother in Israel.
      8 They chose new gods. Then war was in the gates. Was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel?
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