CANAAN

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« Cananéens » est le nom que donne généralement l'école J aux habitants de Palestine, dépossédés par les Israélites (Ge 12:6 24:3 38:2, Ex 3:8-17 13:5-11, Jug 1:1-5,17,28,29,30,32,33)

Le pays de Canaan est mentionné dans les inscriptions égypt. de la XIXe dynastie, mais déjà aussi dans les tablettes de Tell-el-Amarna (XIV e siècle av. J. -C), sous la forme Ki-na-ah-ni, Ki-na-ah-na, Ki-na-ah-hi. Il s'agit de la région au Sud du pays d'Amourrou (Syrie du N. et pays du Liban) et il semble bien surtout de la zone côtière.

C'est une indication que l'on retrouve plus accentuée, en No 13:29, que les Amoréens occupaient la montagne, les Cananéens le bord de la mer et la vallée du Jourdain. D'après les données ethnographiques de la Genèse, Canaan était le fils de Cham (Ge 10:6), comme d'ailleurs Mitsraïm (l'Egypte), Ce rapprochement vient sans doute du fait que l'on se souvenait que Canaan avait été dès la plus haute antiquité sous la mouvance de l'Egypte. De Canaan, la même table fait descendre Sidon, Heth, puis les Jébusiens, Amoréens, Guirgasiens, Héviens ou Hivvites, Arkiens, Siniens, Arvadiens, Tsémariens et Hamathiens (Ge 10:13-18). Heth (Hittites) est rattaché à Canaan, bien que les Hittites soient d'une tout autre race que les Sidoniens (Si-du-na ou Zi-du-na, dans les tabl. d'El-Amarna) ; mais, ici encore, le texte garde le souvenir du temps où les fils de Heth avaient débordé d'Asie Mineure, vers le S., jusqu'à Hébron (Ge 23:3). Le voisinage est ici géographique, non ethnologique.

Quant aux quatre premiers noms (Jébusiens, etc.), ils désignent des groupements palestiniens ; les cinq autres se rapportent tous à des habitants de la Phénicie du N. et de la Syrie (ceux-ci mentionnés par les tabl. d'El-Amarna comme étant au pays d'Amourrou). Ge 10:19 restreint (comme les tabl.) le pays de Canaan à la Palestine. Il est remarquable pourtant qu'à l'époque hellénistique, une ville de Coelé-Syrie pouvait se dire « en Canaan » (monnaie de Laodicée du Liban : Qadèch =Tell Nébi Mend), dernier souvenir du temps où le pays de Canaan s'étendait jusqu'à l'Oronte (cf. Hamath de Ge 10:18).

Les Cananéens apparaissent très souvent, dans d'autres textes, comme étant simplement un des six ou sept peuples dont les Israélites eurent à se défaire pour s'établir en Palestine (Ex 3:8, De 7:1, Jos 3:10 9:1,2 11:3, Jug 3:5 etc.). Ils furent certainement, avec les Amoréens, dont leur langage différait quelque peu (De 3:9), le groupement le plus acharné à la résistance. Sémites, arrivés en Palestine après les Amoréens, et sans doute dès le III e millénaire, ils occupaient les régions fertiles (vallée du Jourdain, plaine de Jizréel, plaine côtière de Sidon à Gaza, Négeb), où ils s'installèrent solidement, leurs villes s'organisant assez indépendantes les unes des autres.

Au XVe siècle, ils étaient sous la suzeraineté de l'Egypte, mais peu à peu s'en détachèrent. L'arrivée des Philistins leur enleva la plaine du Saron. Les Israélites durent leur disputer le pays sans pouvoir toujours les déloger : ainsi les Cananéens restèrent à Guézer (Jos 16:10), à Beth-Séan et dans la vallée de Jizréel (Jos 17:16), à Thaanac et Méguiddo (Jug 1:27), à Akko (St-Jean d'Acre) et à Sidon (Jug 1:31), etc. Certaines villes cananéennes, s'alliant (Jos 9:17), entravèrent les communications entre le groupe de Juda et les tribus de Benjamin et d'Éphraïm. D'autres cités du N. connurent la défaite devant Débora (Jug 5:19). Salomon réussit à unifier tout le pays, mais les Cananéens avaient largement imprégné leurs envahisseurs, qui adoptèrent leur langue (les inscriptions hébraïques anciennes de Guézer, de Samarie, de Siloé dérivent du phénic. archaïque), et les Israélites avaient conscience de parler « la langue de Canaan » (Esa 19:18).

La religion cananéenne marquera fortement de ses concepts et de ses pratiques le culte des Israélites invoquant JHVH, et les prophètes devront réagir contre des cérémonies idolâtres qui, bien souvent, auront pris en Palestine la succession des hauts-lieux cananéens. Finalement les anciens occupants furent absorbés par les nouveaux venus, auxquels ils transmirent, avec des qualités indéniables, leurs aptitudes commerciales et industrieuses (Esa 23:8, rapproché de Os 12:8 et suivant). La civilisation cananéenne est, d'année en année, mieux connue, grâce aux recherches archéologiques qui explorent actuellement le sous-sol palestinien.

Voir H. Vincent, Canaan ; Rev. Bibl., Syria ; Bertholet, Hist. Civ. Isr., etc. A. P.

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  Genèse 10
  
  6 The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
  
  13 Mizraim became the father of Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim,
  
  14 Pathrusim, Casluhim (which the Philistines descended from), and Caphtorim.
  
  15 Canaan became the father of Sidon (his firstborn), Heth,
  
  16 the Jebusite, the Amorite, the Girgashite,
  
  17 the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite,
  
  18 the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. Afterward the families of the Canaanites were spread abroad.
  
  19 The border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as you go toward Gerar, to Gaza; as you go toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, to Lasha.
  
  Genèse 11
  
  31 Terah took Abram his son, Lot the son of Haran, his son's son, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's wife. They went from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan. They came to Haran and lived there.
  
  Genèse 12
  
  5 Abram took Sarai his wife, Lot his brother's son, all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls whom they had gotten in Haran, and they went to go into the land of Canaan. Into the land of Canaan they came.
  
  6 Abram passed through the land to the place of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. The Canaanite was then in the land.
  
  Genèse 13
  
  12 Abram lived in the land of Canaan, and Lot lived in the cities of the plain, and moved his tent as far as Sodom.
  
  Genèse 16
  
  3 Sarai, Abram's wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her handmaid, after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to Abram her husband to be his wife.
  
  Genèse 17
  
  8 I will give to you, and to your seed after you, the land where you are traveling, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession. I will be their God."
  
  Genèse 23
  
  2 Sarah died in Kiriath Arba (the same is Hebron), in the land of Canaan. Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.
  
  3 Abraham rose up from before his dead, and spoke to the children of Heth, saying,
  
  19 After this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the field of Machpelah before Mamre (that is, Hebron), in the land of Canaan.
  
  Genèse 24
  
  3 I will make you swear by Yahweh, the God of heaven and the God of the earth, that you shall not take a wife for my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I live.
  
  Genèse 31
  
  18 and he took away all his livestock, and all his possessions which he had gathered, including the livestock which he had gained in Paddan Aram, to go to Isaac his father, to the land of Canaan.
  
  Genèse 33
  
  18 Jacob came in peace to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Paddan Aram; and encamped before the city.
  
  Genèse 35
  
  6 So Jacob came to Luz (that is, Bethel), which is in the land of Canaan, he and all the people who were with him.
  
  Genèse 36
  
  5 Oholibamah bore Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. These are the sons of Esau, who were born to him in the land of Canaan.
  
  6 Esau took his wives, his sons, his daughters, and all the members of his household, with his livestock, all his animals, and all his possessions, which he had gathered in the land of Canaan, and went into a land away from his brother Jacob.
  
  Genèse 37
  
  1 Jacob lived in the land of his father's travels, in the land of Canaan.
  
  Genèse 38
  
  2 Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite whose name was Shua. He took her, and went in to her.
  
  Genèse 42
  
  5 The sons of Israel came to buy among those who came, for the famine was in the land of Canaan.
  
  7 Joseph saw his brothers, and he recognized them, but acted like a stranger to them, and spoke roughly with them. He said to them, "Where did you come from?" They said, "From the land of Canaan to buy food."
  
  13 They said, "We, your servants, are twelve brothers, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan; and behold, the youngest is this day with our father, and one is no more."
  
  29 They came to Jacob their father, to the land of Canaan, and told him all that had happened to them, saying,
  
  32 We are twelve brothers, sons of our father; one is no more, and the youngest is this day with our father in the land of Canaan.'
  
  Genèse 44
  
  8 Behold, the money, which we found in our sacks' mouths, we brought again to you out of the land of Canaan. How then should we steal silver or gold out of your lord's house?
  
  Genèse 45
  
  17 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "Tell your brothers, 'Do this. Load your animals, and go, travel to the land of Canaan.
  
  25 They went up out of Egypt, and came into the land of Canaan, to Jacob their father.
  
  Genèse 46
  
  6 They took their livestock, and their goods, which they had gotten in the land of Canaan, and came into Egypt--Jacob, and all his seed with him,
  
  12 The sons of Judah: Er, Onan, Shelah, Perez, and Zerah; but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. The sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul.
  
  31 Joseph said to his brothers, and to his father's house, "I will go up, and speak with Pharaoh, and will tell him, 'My brothers, and my father's house, who were in the land of Canaan, have come to me.
  
  Genèse 47
  
  1 Then Joseph went in and told Pharaoh, and said, "My father and my brothers, with their flocks, their herds, and all that they own, have come out of the land of Canaan; and behold, they are in the land of Goshen."
  
  4 They said to Pharaoh, "We have come to live as foreigners in the land, for there is no pasture for your servants' flocks. For the famine is severe in the land of Canaan. Now therefore, please let your servants dwell in the land of Goshen."
  
  13 There was no bread in all the land; for the famine was very severe, so that the land of Egypt and the land of Canaan fainted by reason of the famine.
  
  14 Joseph gathered up all the money that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, for the grain which they bought: and Joseph brought the money into Pharaoh's house.
  
  15 When the money was all spent in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, all the Egyptians came to Joseph, and said, "Give us bread, for why should we die in your presence? For our money fails."
  
  Genèse 48
  
  3 Jacob said to Joseph, "God Almighty appeared to me at Luz in the land of Canaan, and blessed me,
  
  7 As for me, when I came from Paddan, Rachel died by me in the land of Canaan in the way, when there was still some distance to come to Ephrath, and I buried her there in the way to Ephrath (the same is Bethlehem)."
  
  Genèse 49
  
  30 in the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field from Ephron the Hittite as a burial place.
  
  Genèse 50
  
  5 'My father made me swear, saying, "Behold, I am dying. Bury me in my grave which I have dug for myself in the land of Canaan." Now therefore, please let me go up and bury my father, and I will come again.'"
  
  13 for his sons carried him into the land of Canaan, and buried him in the cave of the field of Machpelah, which Abraham bought with the field, for a possession of a burial site, from Ephron the Hittite, before Mamre.
  
  Exode 3
  
  8 I have come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and large land, to a land flowing with milk and honey; to the place of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
  
  9 Now, behold, the cry of the children of Israel has come to me. Moreover I have seen the oppression with which the Egyptians oppress them.
  
  10 Come now therefore, and I will send you to Pharaoh, that you may bring my people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt."
  
  11 Moses said to God, "Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should bring the children of Israel out of Egypt?"
  
  12 He said, "Certainly I will be with you. This will be the token to you, that I have sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall serve God on this mountain."
  
  13 Moses said to God, "Behold, when I come to the children of Israel, and tell them, 'The God of your fathers has sent me to you;' and they ask me, 'What is his name?' What should I tell them?"
  
  14 God said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM," and he said, "You shall tell the children of Israel this: 'I AM has sent me to you.'"
  
  15 God said moreover to Moses, "You shall tell the children of Israel this, 'Yahweh, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you.' This is my name forever, and this is my memorial to all generations.
  
  16 Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, and tell them, 'Yahweh, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying, "I have surely visited you, and seen that which is done to you in Egypt;
  
  17 and I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, to a land flowing with milk and honey."'
  
  Exode 6
  
  4 I have also established my covenant with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land of their travels, in which they lived as aliens.
  
  Exode 13
  
  5 It shall be, when Yahweh shall bring you into the land of the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Amorite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite, which he swore to your fathers to give you, a land flowing with milk and honey, that you shall keep this service in this month.
  
  Exode 15
  
  15 Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed. Trembling takes hold of the mighty men of Moab. All the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.
  
  Exode 16
  
  35 The children of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to an inhabited land. They ate the manna until they came to the borders of the land of Canaan.
  
  Lévitique 14
  
  34 "When you have come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a possession, and I put a spreading mildew in a house in the land of your possession,
  
  Lévitique 18
  
  3 You shall not do as they do in the land of Egypt, where you lived: and you shall not do as they do in the land of Canaan, where I am bringing you; neither shall you walk in their statutes.
  
  Lévitique 25
  
  38 I am Yahweh your God, who brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, and to be your God.
  
  Nombres 13
  
  2 "Send men, that they may spy out the land of Canaan, which I give to the children of Israel. Of every tribe of their fathers, you shall send a man, every one a prince among them."
  
  17 Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said to them, "Go up this way by the South, and go up into the hill country:
  
  29 Amalek dwells in the land of the South: and the Hittite, and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, dwell in the hill country; and the Canaanite dwells by the sea, and along by the side of the Jordan."
  
  Nombres 26
  
  19 The sons of Judah: Er and Onan; and Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan.
  
  Nombres 32
  
  30 but if they will not pass over with you armed, they shall have possessions among you in the land of Canaan."
  
  32 We will pass over armed before Yahweh into the land of Canaan, and the possession of our inheritance shall remain with us beyond the Jordan."
  
  Nombres 33
  
  40 The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel.
  
  51 Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them, "When you pass over the Jordan into the land of Canaan,
  
  Nombres 34
  
  2 "Command the children of Israel, and tell them, 'When you come into the land of Canaan (this is the land that shall fall to you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan according to its borders),
  
  29 These are they whom Yahweh commanded to divide the inheritance to the children of Israel in the land of Canaan.
  
  Nombres 35
  
  10 "Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them, 'When you pass over the Jordan into the land of Canaan,
  
  14 You shall give three cities beyond the Jordan, and you shall give three cities in the land of Canaan; they shall be cities of refuge.
  
  Deutéronome 32
  
  49 "Go up into this mountain of Abarim, to Mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and see the land of Canaan, which I give to the children of Israel for a possession;
  
  Josué 3
  
  10 Joshua said, "Hereby you shall know that the living God is among you, and that he will without fail drive the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Hivite, and the Perizzite, and the Girgashite, and the Amorite, and the Jebusite out from before you.
  
  Josué 5
  
  12 The manna ceased on the next day, after they had eaten of the produce of the land. The children of Israel didn't have manna any more; but they ate of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year.
  
  Josué 9
  
  1 It happened, when all the kings who were beyond the Jordan, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and on all the shore of the great sea in front of Lebanon, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard of it
  
  17 The children of Israel traveled and came to their cities on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, Chephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath Jearim.
  
  Josué 11
  
  3 to the Canaanite on the east and on the west, and the Amorite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Jebusite in the hill country, and the Hivite under Hermon in the land of Mizpah.
  
  Josué 14
  
  1 These are the inheritances which the children of Israel took in the land of Canaan, which Eleazar the priest, Joshua the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers' houses of the tribes of the children of Israel, distributed to them,
  
  Josué 16
  
  10 They didn't drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer; but the Canaanites dwell in the midst of Ephraim to this day, and have become servants to do forced labor.
  
  Josué 17
  
  16 The children of Joseph said, "The hill country is not enough for us. All the Canaanites who dwell in the land of the valley have chariots of iron, both those who are in Beth Shean and its towns, and those who are in the valley of Jezreel."
  
  Josué 21
  
  2 They spoke to them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan, saying, "Yahweh commanded Moses to give us cities to dwell in, with their suburbs for our livestock."
  
  Josué 22
  
  9 The children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the children of Israel out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to go to the land of Gilead, to the land of their possession, which they owned, according to the commandment of Yahweh by Moses.
  
  10 When they came to the region about the Jordan, that is in the land of Canaan, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh built there an altar by the Jordan, a great altar to look at.
  
  11 The children of Israel heard this, "Behold, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh have built an altar in the forefront of the land of Canaan, in the region about the Jordan, on the side that pertains to the children of Israel."
  
  32 Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, and the princes, returned from the children of Reuben, and from the children of Gad, out of the land of Gilead, to the land of Canaan, to the children of Israel, and brought them word again.
  
  Josué 24
  
  3 I took your father Abraham from beyond the River, and led him throughout all the land of Canaan, and multiplied his seed, and gave him Isaac.
  
  Juges 1
  
  1 It happened after the death of Joshua, the children of Israel asked of Yahweh, saying, "Who should go up for us first against the Canaanites, to fight against them?"
  
  2 Yahweh said, "Judah shall go up. Behold, I have delivered the land into his hand."
  
  3 Judah said to Simeon his brother, "Come up with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I likewise will go with you into your lot." So Simeon went with him.
  
  4 Judah went up; and Yahweh delivered the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hand: and they struck of them in Bezek ten thousand men.
  
  5 They found Adoni-Bezek in Bezek; and they fought against him, and they struck the Canaanites and the Perizzites.
  
  17 Judah went with Simeon his brother, and they struck the Canaanites who inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. The name of the city was called Hormah.
  
  27 Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.
  
  28 It happened, when Israel had grown strong, that they put the Canaanites to forced labor, and did not utterly drive them out.
  
  31 Asher didn't drive out the inhabitants of Acco, nor the inhabitants of Sidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob;
  
  32 but the Asherites lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land; for they did not drive them out.

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