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CHEOL ou SCHEOL

Équivalent sémitique de la conception classique de l' Hadès, et que nos versions françaises rendent habituellement par « séjour des morts ».

L'origine du mot cheol est douteuse ; il semble bien que ce terme dérive de l'assyr., soit de la rac. chaal (=consulter un oracle), soit de chilu (=chambre) ; ce dernier mot d'ailleurs a quelque rapport avec l'idée d'un trou, d'un puits profond, idée qui se retrouve dans la conception hébraïque du cheol (Job 11:8 26:6, De 32:22, Ps 86:13 88:7). Quoi qu'il en soit, le cheol est le lieu souterrain où vivent les ombres des morts ; l'ancienne coutume sémitique de brûler les corps d'une même famille dans une tombe commune a pu enrichir également la signification de ce mot.

Les Hébreux n'ayant jamais élaboré une doctrine complète et systématique de la vie future, on a quelque peine à reconstituer l'idée qu'ils se sont faite du cheol. Dans cette demeure souterraine la vie se poursuit, mais les distinctions terrestres sont supprimées, même les différences morales (Job 3:17,19) ; c'est un pays de ténèbres (Job 30:23 10:21), où tout est silence, où l'on s'étend dans la poussière (Job 17:16 20:11 21:26, Ps 30:10), d'où l'on ne revient pas (Job 7:10). Pourtant la possibilité de faire réapparaître les morts par les formules magiques de la nécromancie semble avoir été une croyance assez générale (1Sa 28, Le 19:31 20:8, De 18:11, Esa 8:19).

La vie des morts dans le cheol est-elle consciente et active ? rien de précis à ce sujet. (cf. Ps 88:13 94:17 30:10, Eze 32:27) Le dernier passage donne plutôt l'impression d'une inactivité complète. Il semble même que du cheol les âmes ne puissent plus adresser de prières à l'Éternel (Ps 6:6), que Dieu soit absent de ce lieu de désolation.

Lorsque toutes les espérances nationales furent déçues par la destruction de Jérusalem et l'exil à Babylone, un individualisme nouveau pénétra la piété ; on se préoccupa davantage du sort de chaque homme après sa mort. La dure doctrine de la rétribution individuelle se révéla insuffisante ; pour croire à la justice de Dieu, on fut obligé de croire à des sanctions dans l'autre vie.

Avant l'exil déjà, chez Amos (Am 9:2) et dans le Ps 139:8, on voit en quelque sorte Dieu pénétrer dans le cheol. Mais c'est surtout plus tard que l'idée d'un jugement après la mort se développe.

Dans le livre d'Hénoch éthiopien (II e et I er siècle av. J. -C), le cheol est divisé en quatre parties, réservées respectivement aux martyrs, aux justes qui ne furent pas martyrs, aux pécheurs ayant vécu dans la prospérité, et aux pécheurs déjà punis sur cette terre. Le sort des âmes varie suivant les catégories, allant de l'extrême félicité jusqu'à la perte de l'espoir même d'une résurrection, pour les plus coupables ; les âmes versées dans la 3 e section seront « tuées » au jour du jugement, sans qu'on puisse bien comprendre ce que l'auteur entend par ce genre de mort. D'ailleurs rien ne prouve que cette division du cheol en quatre parties ait jamais été admise par tout le monde. Au contraire, il semble probable qu'on se soit borné à diviser le cheol en deux parties : le séjour des bénis et celui des maudits. Puis, sous l'influence du pharisaïsme, la pensée juive a précisé : on en vint à affirmer qu'au jour de la résurrection qui précédera le jugement, les ombres des justes sortiront du cheol, qu'elles recevront un corps, et monteront ainsi dans le ciel.

La conception du cheol dans le N.T. ne diffère guère, quant au fond, de celle du judaïsme (voir Hadès et Géhenne). L'idée d'une purification des âmes dans une sorte de purgatoire, idée développée plus tard par le judaïsme rabbinique, est étrangère au N.T. Edm. R.

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      Lévitique 19

      31 "'Don't turn to those who are mediums, nor to the wizards. Don't seek them out, to be defiled by them. I am Yahweh your God.

      Lévitique 20

      8 You shall keep my statutes, and do them. I am Yahweh who sanctifies you.

      1 Samuel 28

      1 It happened in those days, that the Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. Achish said to David, "Know assuredly that you shall go out with me in the army, you and your men."
      2 David said to Achish, "Therefore you shall know what your servant will do." Achish said to David, "Therefore will I make you my bodyguard for ever."
      3 Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. Saul had put away those who had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.
      4 The Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and encamped in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they encamped in Gilboa.
      5 When Saul saw the army of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart trembled greatly.
      6 When Saul inquired of Yahweh, Yahweh didn't answer him, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.
      7 Then Saul said to his servants, "Seek me a woman who has a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and inquire of her." His servants said to him, "Behold, there is a woman who has a familiar spirit at Endor."
      8 Saul disguised himself, and put on other clothing, and went, he and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, "Please divine to me by the familiar spirit, and bring me up whomever I shall name to you."
      9 The woman said to him, "Behold, you know what Saul has done, how he has cut off those who have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land. Why then do you lay a snare for my life, to cause me to die?"
      10 Saul swore to her by Yahweh, saying, "As Yahweh lives, no punishment shall happen to you for this thing."
      11 Then the woman said, "Whom shall I bring up to you?" He said, "Bring Samuel up for me."
      12 When the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice; and the woman spoke to Saul, saying, "Why have you deceived me? For you are Saul!"
      13 The king said to her, "Don't be afraid. For what do you see?" The woman said to Saul, "I see a god coming up out of the earth."
      14 He said to her, "What does he look like?" She said, "An old man comes up. He is covered with a robe." Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he bowed with his face to the ground, and showed respect.
      15 Samuel said to Saul, "Why have you disturbed me, to bring me up?" Saul answered, "I am very distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God has departed from me, and answers me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams. Therefore I have called you, that you may make known to me what I shall do."
      16 Samuel said, "Why then do you ask of me, since Yahweh has departed from you and has become your adversary?
      17 Yahweh has done to you as he spoke by me. Yahweh has torn the kingdom out of your hand, and given it to your neighbor, even to David.
      18 Because you didn't obey the voice of Yahweh, and didn't execute his fierce wrath on Amalek, therefore Yahweh has done this thing to you this day.
      19 Moreover Yahweh will deliver Israel also with you into the hand of the Philistines; and tomorrow you and your sons will be with me. Yahweh will deliver the army of Israel also into the hand of the Philistines."
      20 Then Saul fell immediately his full length on the earth, and was terrified, because of the words of Samuel. There was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night.
      21 The woman came to Saul, and saw that he was very troubled, and said to him, "Behold, your handmaid has listened to your voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and have listened to your words which you spoke to me.
      22 Now therefore, please listen also to the voice of your handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before you; and eat, that you may have strength, when you go on your way."
      23 But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants, together with the woman, constrained him; and he listened to their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat on the bed.
      24 The woman had a fattened calf in the house. She hurried and killed it; and she took flour, and kneaded it, and baked unleavened bread of it.
      25 She brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they ate. Then they rose up, and went away that night.

      Job 3

      17 There the wicked cease from troubling. There the weary are at rest.
      19 The small and the great are there. The servant is free from his master.

      Job 7

      10 He shall return no more to his house, neither shall his place know him any more.

      Job 10

      21 before I go where I shall not return from, to the land of darkness and of the shadow of death;

      Job 11

      8 They are high as heaven. What can you do? They are deeper than Sheol . What can you know?

      Job 17

      16 Shall it go down with me to the gates of Sheol , or descend together into the dust?"

      Job 20

      11 His bones are full of his youth, but youth shall lie down with him in the dust.

      Job 21

      26 They lie down alike in the dust. The worm covers them.

      Job 26

      6 Sheol is naked before God, and Abaddon has no covering.

      Job 30

      23 For I know that you will bring me to death, To the house appointed for all living.

      Psaumes 6

      6 I am weary with my groaning. Every night I flood my bed. I drench my couch with my tears.

      Psaumes 30

      10 Hear, Yahweh, and have mercy on me. Yahweh, be my helper."

      Psaumes 86

      13 For your loving kindness is great toward me. You have delivered my soul from the lowest Sheol .

      Psaumes 88

      7 Your wrath lies heavily on me. You have afflicted me with all your waves. Selah.
      13 But to you, Yahweh, I have cried. In the morning, my prayer comes before you.

      Psaumes 94

      17 Unless Yahweh had been my help, my soul would have soon lived in silence.

      Psaumes 139

      8 If I ascend up into heaven, you are there. If I make my bed in Sheol , behold, you are there!

      Esaïe 8

      19 When they tell you, "Consult with those who have familiar spirits and with the wizards, who chirp and who mutter:" shouldn't a people consult with their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?

      Lamentations 3

      1 I am the man that has seen affliction by the rod of his wrath.
      2 He has led me and caused me to walk in darkness, and not in light.
      3 Surely against me he turns his hand again and again all the day.
      4 My flesh and my skin has he made old; he has broken my bones.
      5 He has built against me, and surrounded me with gall and travail.
      6 He has made me to dwell in dark places, as those that have been long dead.
      7 He has walled me about, that I can't go forth; he has made my chain heavy.
      8 Yes, when I cry, and call for help, he shuts out my prayer.
      9 He has walled up my ways with cut stone; he has made my paths crooked.
      10 He is to me as a bear lying in wait, as a lion in secret places.
      11 He has turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces; he has made me desolate.
      12 He has bent his bow, and set me as a mark for the arrow.
      13 He has caused the shafts of his quiver to enter into my kidneys.
      14 I am become a derision to all my people, and their song all the day.
      15 He has filled me with bitterness, he has sated me with wormwood.
      16 He has also broken my teeth with gravel stones; he has covered me with ashes.
      17 You have removed my soul far off from peace; I forgot prosperity.
      18 I said, My strength is perished, and my expectation from Yahweh.
      19 Remember my affliction and my misery, the wormwood and the gall.
      20 My soul still remembers them, and is bowed down within me.
      21 This I recall to my mind; therefore have I hope.
      22 It is because of Yahweh's loving kindnesses that we are not consumed, because his compassion doesn't fail.
      23 They are new every morning; great is your faithfulness.
      24 Yahweh is my portion, says my soul; therefore will I hope in him.
      25 Yahweh is good to those who wait for him, to the soul that seeks him.
      26 It is good that a man should hope and quietly wait for the salvation of Yahweh.
      27 It is good for a man that he bear the yoke in his youth.
      28 Let him sit alone and keep silence, because he has laid it on him.
      29 Let him put his mouth in the dust, if so be there may be hope.
      30 Let him give his cheek to him who strikes him; let him be filled full with reproach.
      31 For the Lord will not cast off forever.
      32 For though he cause grief, yet he will have compassion according to the multitude of his loving kindnesses.
      33 For he does not afflict willingly, nor grieve the children of men.
      34 To crush under foot all the prisoners of the earth,
      35 To turn aside the right of a man before the face of the Most High,
      36 To subvert a man in his cause, the Lord doesn't approve.
      37 Who is he who says, and it comes to pass, when the Lord doesn't command it?
      38 Doesn't evil and good come out of the mouth of the Most High?
      39 Why does a living man complain, a man for the punishment of his sins?
      40 Let us search and try our ways, and turn again to Yahweh.
      41 Let us lift up our heart with our hands to God in the heavens.
      42 We have transgressed and have rebelled; you have not pardoned.
      43 You have covered with anger and pursued us; you have killed, you have not pitied.
      44 You have covered yourself with a cloud, so that no prayer can pass through.
      45 You have made us an off-scouring and refuse in the midst of the peoples.
      46 All our enemies have opened their mouth wide against us.
      47 Fear and the pit have come on us, devastation and destruction.
      48 My eye runs down with streams of water, for the destruction of the daughter of my people.
      49 My eye pours down, and doesn't cease, without any intermission,
      50 Until Yahweh look down, and see from heaven.
      51 My eye affects my soul, because of all the daughters of my city.
      52 They have chased me relentlessly like a bird, those who are my enemies without cause.
      53 They have cut off my life in the dungeon, and have cast a stone on me.
      54 Waters flowed over my head; I said, I am cut off.
      55 I called on your name, Yahweh, out of the lowest dungeon.
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