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COU

En hébr., ordinairement tsavvâr ou ôreph ; grec trakhêlos. Au sens pr., ce terme s'applique à l'homme (Ge 27:16, Ca 4:4, Esa 8:8 etc.) et à divers animaux (Jug 8:21, Job 39:22 41:13). Qqfs il s'agit plus spécialement de la nuque (1Sa 4:18, Job 16:12, où Vers. Syn. dit à tort : gorge), en particulier dans la prescription légale de briser la nuque de l'ânon ou de la génisse (Ex 13:13 34:20, De 21:4), manière de les tuer sans verser le sang (comp., pour les pigeons, Le 5:8) ; la même expression est appliquée au chien dans Esa 66:3 (Vers. Syn. : abattre).

--Dans les embrassades où l'on se jette au cou l'un de l'autre (Ge 33:4, Lu 15:20, Ac 20:37), (Tob 11:9) les baisers sont donnés sur la partie lisse du cou au-dessous de l'oreille, et la forme du mot hébreu (duel) indique quelques fois qu'ils sont donnés successivement des deux côtés.

--Assuérus (Ge 45:14 46:29 ; voir Baiser) agrée la demande d'Esther en lui plaçant son sceptre sur le cou ; (Add. Est 5:12) Judith décapite Holopherne en le frappant au cou (Jug 13 8 16:9) ; les bourreaux d'Antiochus suspendaient les enfants au cou de leurs mères pour les faire périr (1Ma 1:61).

--Le collier, parure au cou des femmes (Ca 1:10), insigne d'autorité des princes (Ge 41:42, Da 5:7 etc.), devient symbole de sagesse (Pr 1:9 3:3 6:21) ou de beauté (Eze 16:11). --Les captifs étaient souvent enchaînés par le cou (bas-relief de Persépolis ; voir aussi fig. 108) : d'où l'image de Esa 52:2 ; plus claire encore est la mention par Jésus de la meule qu'on attachait au cou du condamné à mort dans le supplice de la noyade (Mr 9:42 et parallèle). Dans le même ordre d'idées, la main du vainqueur fait plier le cou de ses ennemis (Ge 49:8), ou bien il les fait coucher face contre terre et leur met le pied sur la nuque (Jos 10:24, cf. Ps 110:1 ; voir Dos, Marchepied).

--Le cou qui porte le joug (voir ce mot), image empruntée à l'animal de labour, représente (Os 10:11) la servitude (De 28:48, Jer 27:2, etc., Sir 33:26, Ac 15:10, litt. : mettre un joug sur le cou des disciples), et la délivrance est symbolisée par la rupture de ce joug (Ge 27:40, Esa 10:27, Jer 30:8 etc.) ; la Vers. Syn. perd la vigueur de cette image dans La 1:14 : « Les péchés d'Israël pèsent sur le peuple et l'accablent, le châtiment mérité l'écrase ; cette idée est représentée sous la figure d'un joug pesant imposé sur la nuque d'un boeuf et lui faisant baisser la tête ; le joug est attaché au moyen de courroies solidement nouées. » (Reuss).

--Par contre, il faut se courber sous le joug de la sagesse, porter au cou son carcan (Sir 6:24 51:26, cf. Mt 11:29).

--Le cou raidi représente la résistance obstinée à Dieu (Ex 32, etc., De 10:18 31:27,2Ro 17:11, Pr 29:1, Jer 7:26, Esa 48:4, Bar 2:30, Sir 16:11, Ac 7:51, etc.) ; tels ceux qui « ne mettent pas leur cou au service de leur Seigneur » (Ne 3:5, trad. litt.). Le cou tendu manifeste aussi l'orgueil.

--Dans (Esa 3:16, Ps 75:6) Ro 16:4, saint Paul fait allusion à l'attitude du supplicié qui tend le cou au glaive : pour sauver sa vie, Aquilas et Priscille ont « exposé leur tête » (litt. leur cou) ; comp. le témoignage rendu à l'épicurien Philonide dans un papyrus d'Herculanum (250 av. J. -C.) : « Pour les plus aimés de ses parents ou amis, il serait prêt à risquer son cou. » C'est fort probablement la même image qui inspire Heb 4:13 : « tout est à nu et à découvert (litt., exposé comme un cou) devant Celui à qui nous devons rendre compte » ; le verset 12 vient d'évoquer le glaive à deux tranchants de la Parole de Dieu, qui pénètre partout, mais vivante et efficace... tableau saisissant : c'est l'épée de Damoclès du chrétien... Jn L.

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      Genèse 27

      16 She put the skins of the young goats on his hands, and on the smooth of his neck.
      40 By your sword will you live, and you will serve your brother. It will happen, when you will break loose, that you shall shake his yoke from off your neck."

      Genèse 33

      4 Esau ran to meet him, embraced him, fell on his neck, kissed him, and they wept.

      Genèse 41

      42 Pharaoh took off his signet ring from his hand, and put it on Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in robes of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck,

      Genèse 45

      14 He fell on his brother Benjamin's neck, and wept, and Benjamin wept on his neck.

      Genèse 46

      29 Joseph prepared his chariot, and went up to meet Israel, his father, in Goshen. He presented himself to him, and fell on his neck, and wept on his neck a good while.

      Genèse 49

      8 "Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies. Your father's sons will bow down before you.

      Exode 13

      13 Every firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb; and if you will not redeem it, then you shall break its neck; and you shall redeem all the firstborn of man among your sons.

      Exode 32

      1 When the people saw that Moses delayed to come down from the mountain, the people gathered themselves together to Aaron, and said to him, "Come, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we don't know what has become of him."
      2 Aaron said to them, "Take off the golden rings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me."
      3 All the people took off the golden rings which were in their ears, and brought them to Aaron.
      4 He received what they handed him, and fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made it a molten calf; and they said, "These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt."
      5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made a proclamation, and said, "Tomorrow shall be a feast to Yahweh."
      6 They rose up early on the next day, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play.
      7 Yahweh spoke to Moses, "Go, get down; for your people, who you brought up out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves!
      8 They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them. They have made themselves a molten calf, and have worshiped it, and have sacrificed to it, and said, 'These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt.'"
      9 Yahweh said to Moses, "I have seen these people, and behold, they are a stiff-necked people.
      10 Now therefore leave me alone, that my wrath may burn hot against them, and that I may consume them; and I will make of you a great nation."
      11 Moses begged Yahweh his God, and said, "Yahweh, why does your wrath burn hot against your people, that you have brought out of the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?
      12 Why should the Egyptians speak, saying, 'He brought them forth for evil, to kill them in the mountains, and to consume them from the surface of the earth?' Turn from your fierce wrath, and repent of this evil against your people.
      13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, your servants, to whom you swore by your own self, and said to them, 'I will multiply your seed as the stars of the sky, and all this land that I have spoken of I will give to your seed, and they shall inherit it forever.'"
      14 Yahweh repented of the evil which he said he would do to his people.
      15 Moses turned, and went down from the mountain, with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand; tablets that were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other they were written.
      16 The tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tables.
      17 When Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said to Moses, "There is the noise of war in the camp."
      18 He said, "It isn't the voice of those who shout for victory, neither is it the voice of those who cry for being overcome; but the noise of those who sing that I hear."
      19 It happened, as soon as he came near to the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing: and Moses' anger grew hot, and he threw the tablets out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mountain.
      20 He took the calf which they had made, and burnt it with fire, ground it to powder, and scattered it on the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it.
      21 Moses said to Aaron, "What did these people do to you, that you have brought a great sin on them?"
      22 Aaron said, "Don't let the anger of my lord grow hot. You know the people, that they are set on evil.
      23 For they said to me, 'Make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we don't know what has become of him.'
      24 I said to them, 'Whoever has any gold, let them take it off:' so they gave it to me; and I threw it into the fire, and out came this calf."
      25 When Moses saw that the people had broken loose, (for Aaron had let them loose for a derision among their enemies),
      26 then Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, "Whoever is on Yahweh's side, come to me!" All the sons of Levi gathered themselves together to him.
      27 He said to them, "Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, 'Every man put his sword on his thigh, and go back and forth from gate to gate throughout the camp, and every man kill his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbor.'"
      28 The sons of Levi did according to the word of Moses: and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men.
      29 Moses said, "Consecrate yourselves today to Yahweh, yes, every man against his son, and against his brother; that he may bestow on you a blessing this day."
      30 It happened on the next day, that Moses said to the people, "You have sinned a great sin. Now I will go up to Yahweh. Perhaps I shall make atonement for your sin."
      31 Moses returned to Yahweh, and said, "Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made themselves gods of gold.
      32 Yet now, if you will, forgive their sin--and if not, please blot me out of your book which you have written."
      33 Yahweh said to Moses, "Whoever has sinned against me, him will I blot out of my book.
      34 Now go, lead the people to the place of which I have spoken to you. Behold, my angel shall go before you. Nevertheless in the day when I punish, I will punish them for their sin."
      35 Yahweh struck the people, because they made the calf, which Aaron made.

      Exode 34

      20 The firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb: and if you will not redeem it, then you shall break its neck. All the firstborn of your sons you shall redeem. No one shall appear before me empty.

      Lévitique 1

      12 He shall cut it into its pieces, with its head and its fat. The priest shall lay them in order on the wood that is on the fire which is on the altar,

      Lévitique 5

      8 He shall bring them to the priest, who shall first offer the one which is for the sin offering, and wring off its head from its neck, but shall not sever it completely.

      Josué 10

      24 It happened, when they brought those kings out to Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said to the chiefs of the men of war who went with him, "Come near, put your feet on the necks of these kings." They came near, and put their feet on their necks.

      Juges 8

      21 Then Zebah and Zalmunna said, "Rise and fall on us; for as the man is, so is his strength." Gideon arose, and killed Zebah and Zalmunna, and took the crescents that were on their camels' necks.

      Juges 13

      8 Then Manoah entreated Yahweh, and said, "Oh, Lord, please let the man of God whom you did send come again to us, and teach us what we shall do to the child who shall be born."

      Juges 16

      9 Now she had an ambush waiting in the inner room. She said to him, "The Philistines are on you, Samson!" He broke the cords, as a string of tow is broken when it touches the fire. So his strength was not known.

      1 Samuel 4

      18 It happened, when he made mention of the ark of God, that Eli fell from off his seat backward by the side of the gate; and his neck broke, and he died; for he was an old man, and heavy. He had judged Israel forty years.

      Néhémie 3

      5 Next to them, the Tekoites made repairs; but their nobles didn't put their necks to the work of their lord.

      Esther 5

      12 Haman also said, "Yes, Esther the queen let no man come in with the king to the banquet that she had prepared but myself; and tomorrow I am also invited by her together with the king.

      Job 16

      12 I was at ease, and he broke me apart. Yes, he has taken me by the neck, and dashed me to pieces. He has also set me up for his target.

      Job 39

      22 He mocks at fear, and is not dismayed, neither does he turn back from the sword.

      Job 41

      13 Who can strip off his outer garment? Who shall come within his jaws?

      Psaumes 75

      6 For neither from the east, nor from the west, nor yet from the south, comes exaltation.

      Psaumes 110

      Proverbes 1

      9 for they will be a garland to grace your head, and chains around your neck.

      Proverbes 3

      3 Don't let kindness and truth forsake you. Bind them around your neck. Write them on the tablet of your heart.

      Proverbes 6

      21 Bind them continually on your heart. Tie them around your neck.

      Proverbes 29

      1 He who is often rebuked and stiffens his neck will be destroyed suddenly, with no remedy.

      Cantique 1

      10 Your cheeks are beautiful with earrings, your neck with strings of jewels.

      Cantique 4

      4 Your neck is like David's tower built for an armory, whereon a thousand shields hang, all the shields of the mighty men.

      Esaïe 3

      16 Moreover Yahweh said, "Because the daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with outstretched necks and flirting eyes, walking to trip as they go, jingling ornaments on their feet;

      Esaïe 8

      8 It will sweep onward into Judah. It will overflow and pass through; it will reach even to the neck; and the stretching out of its wings will fill the breadth of your land, Immanuel.

      Esaïe 10

      27 It will happen in that day, that his burden will depart from off your shoulder, and his yoke from off your neck, and the yoke shall be destroyed because of the anointing oil.

      Esaïe 48

      4 Because I knew that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew, and your brow brass;

      Esaïe 52

      2 Shake yourself from the dust! Arise, sit up, Jerusalem! Release yourself from the bonds of your neck, captive daughter of Zion!

      Esaïe 66

      3 He who kills an ox is as he who kills a man; he who sacrifices a lamb, as he who breaks a dog's neck; he who offers an offering, as he who offers pig's blood; he who burns frankincense, as he who blesses an idol. Yes, they have chosen their own ways, and their soul delights in their abominations:

      Jérémie 7

      26 yet they didn't listen to me, nor inclined their ear, but made their neck stiff: they did worse than their fathers.

      Jérémie 27

      2 Thus says Yahweh to me: Make bonds and bars, and put them on your neck;

      Jérémie 30

      8 It shall come to pass in that day, says Yahweh of Armies, that I will break his yoke from off your neck, and will burst your bonds; and strangers shall no more make him their bondservant;

      Lamentations 1

      14 The yoke of my transgressions is bound by his hand; They are knit together, they have come up on my neck; he has made my strength to fail: The Lord has delivered me into their hands, against whom I am not able to stand.

      Ezéchiel 16

      11 I decked you with ornaments, and I put bracelets on your hands, and a chain on your neck.

      Daniel 5

      7 The king cried aloud to bring in the enchanters, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. The king spoke and said to the wise men of Babylon, Whoever shall read this writing, and show me its interpretation, shall be clothed with purple, and have a chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom.

      Osée 10

      11 Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh; so I will put a yoke on her beautiful neck. I will set a rider on Ephraim. Judah will plow. Jacob will break his clods.

      Matthieu 11

      29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart; and you will find rest for your souls.

      Marc 9

      42 Whoever will cause one of these little ones who believe in me to stumble, it would be better for him if he were thrown into the sea with a millstone hung around his neck.

      Luc 15

      20 "He arose, and came to his father. But while he was still far off, his father saw him, and was moved with compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him.

      Actes 7

      51 "You stiff-necked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the Holy Spirit! As your fathers did, so you do.

      Actes 15

      10 Now therefore why do you tempt God, that you should put a yoke on the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear?

      Actes 20

      37 They all wept a lot, and fell on Paul's neck and kissed him,

      Romains 16

      4 who for my life, laid down their own necks; to whom not only I give thanks, but also all the assemblies of the Gentiles.

      Hébreux 4

      13 There is no creature that is hidden from his sight, but all things are naked and laid open before the eyes of him with whom we have to do.
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