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DÉMONS

Êtres supra-humains malfaisants. (Hébr. chêdîm, sèîrîm ; grec daïmonia, pneumata aca-tharta, pneumata ponèra)

Dans l'A.T. nous ne trouvons que quelques textes qui y fassent allusion. Un des plus obscurs est celui qui parle du bouc choisi pour expier les péchés d'Israël et chassé dans le désert « pour Azazel » (Le 16:8,10,20-22,26). Nous ne savons rien de positif sur ce mystérieux Azazel (voir ce mot) ; mais il semble bien qu'on l'ait considéré comme un démon habitant le désert. D'autres passages nous montrent que les Hébreux ont cru très longtemps que les dieux étrangers existaient réellement et qu'ils étaient des démons (Le 17:7, De 32:17, Ps 106:37 Vers. Syn.). Ce n'est qu'avec les prophètes que nous voyons apparaître l'idée de l'irréalité de ces faux dieux (Os 8:5,6 13:1-4, Jer 2:27, Esa 41:21-24 44:6-20). Le contact, pendant l'exil, avec les religions des Babyloniens et des Perses dut favoriser grandement la croyance aux démons ; mais il faut descendre beaucoup plus bas pour trouver une démonologie développée, car elle n'apparaît vraiment que dans les livres apocryphes et dans les pseudépigraphes, en particulier dans l'apocalypse d'Hénoch (II e siècle av. J. -C.) où Azazel est présenté comme le chef des anges déchus. Cette évolution est due en grande partie à l'influence du syncrétisme oriental sur le judaïsme de la période hellénistique. Le terme même de démon est d'origine grecque. D'ailleurs, dans le polythéisme grec, il désignait aussi bien les divinité bienfaisantes, les bons génies (ex. le démon de Socrate) que les esprits malfaisants.

Dans la langue du N.T., seul est resté le second sens. Nous trouvons souvent comme synonymes de démon : esprit impur (Mr 1:23 3:11 5:2,8,13 7:25 9:25, Mt 12:43, Lu 6:18 etc.) et esprit mauvais (Lu 7:21 8:2 etc.). Ces textes, et bien d'autres que l'on pourrait citer, montrent clairement que Jésus a cru à l'existence des démons et de leur chef Satan, et qu'il a admis que certaines maladies étaient le résultat d'une possession démoniaque (voir art.). Il a guéri ces maladies en chassant les esprits impurs (Mr 7:26,29, Mt 8:16, Lu 11:14). Il a conféré à ses disciples ce pouvoir (Mr 3:15 6:13, Mt 10:1,8, Lu 10:17-19, Ac 8:7 19:12). Comme le Maître, les apôtres ont cru à la réalité des démons. « Nous avons à combattre, écrit saint Paul, non contre des adversaires de chair et de sang, mais contre les chefs, les souverains, les dominateurs de ce monde de ténèbres, contre les mauvais esprits des régions célestes » (Eph 6:12, cf. 1Co 10:20, Eph 2:2,1Ti 4:1, Jas 2:19, Ap 9:20 16:14 18:2). Pour plus de détails, voir Satan. Alb. D.

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      Lévitique 16

      8 Aaron shall cast lots for the two goats; one lot for Yahweh, and the other lot for the scapegoat.
      10 But the goat, on which the lot fell for the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before Yahweh, to make atonement for him, to send him away for the scapegoat into the wilderness.
      20 "When he has made an end of atoning for the Holy Place, the Tent of Meeting, and the altar, he shall present the live goat.
      26 "He who lets the goat go for the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.

      Lévitique 17

      7 They shall no more sacrifice their sacrifices to the goat idols, after which they play the prostitute. This shall be a statute forever to them throughout their generations.'

      Psaumes 106

      37 Yes, they sacrificed their sons and their daughters to demons.

      Esaïe 41

      21 Produce your cause," says Yahweh. "Bring forth your strong reasons," says the King of Jacob.
      22 "Let them announce, and declare to us what shall happen. Declare the former things, what they are, that we may consider them, and know the latter end of them; or show us things to come.
      23 Declare the things that are to come hereafter, that we may know that you are gods. Yes, do good, or do evil, that we may be dismayed, and see it together.
      24 Behold, you are of nothing, and your work is of nothing. He who chooses you is an abomination.

      Esaïe 44

      6 This is what Yahweh, the King of Israel, and his Redeemer, Yahweh of Armies, says: "I am the first, and I am the last; and besides me there is no God.

      Jérémie 2

      27 who tell wood, 'You are my father;' and a stone, 'You have brought me out:' for they have turned their back to me, and not their face; but in the time of their trouble they will say, 'Arise, and save us.'

      Osée 8

      5 Let Samaria throw out his calf idol! My anger burns against them! How long will it be until they are capable of purity?
      6 For this is even from Israel! The workman made it, and it is no God; indeed, the calf of Samaria shall be broken in pieces.

      Osée 13

      1 When Ephraim spoke, there was trembling. He exalted himself in Israel, but when he became guilty in Baal, he died.

      Matthieu 8

      16 When evening came, they brought to him many possessed with demons. He cast out the spirits with a word, and healed all who were sick;

      Matthieu 10

      1 He called to himself his twelve disciples, and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every disease and every sickness.
      8 Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers , and cast out demons. Freely you received, so freely give.

      Matthieu 12

      43 But the unclean spirit, when he is gone out of the man, passes through waterless places, seeking rest, and doesn't find it.

      Marc 1

      23 Immediately there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit, and he cried out,

      Marc 3

      11 The unclean spirits, whenever they saw him, fell down before him, and cried, "You are the Son of God!"
      15 and to have authority to heal sicknesses and to cast out demons:

      Marc 5

      2 When he had come out of the boat, immediately a man with an unclean spirit met him out of the tombs.
      8 For he said to him, "Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!"
      13 At once Jesus gave them permission. The unclean spirits came out and entered into the pigs. The herd of about two thousand rushed down the steep bank into the sea, and they were drowned in the sea.

      Marc 6

      13 They cast out many demons, and anointed many with oil who were sick, and healed them.

      Marc 7

      25 For a woman, whose little daughter had an unclean spirit, having heard of him, came and fell down at his feet.
      26 Now the woman was a Greek, a Syrophoenician by race. She begged him that he would cast the demon out of her daughter.
      29 He said to her, "For this saying, go your way. The demon has gone out of your daughter."

      Marc 9

      25 When Jesus saw that a multitude came running together, he rebuked the unclean spirit, saying to him, "You mute and deaf spirit, I command you, come out of him, and never enter him again!"

      Luc 6

      18 as well as those who were troubled by unclean spirits, and they were being healed.

      Luc 7

      21 In that hour he cured many of diseases and plagues and evil spirits; and to many who were blind he gave sight.

      Luc 8

      2 and certain women who had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities: Mary who was called Magdalene, from whom seven demons had gone out;

      Luc 10

      17 The seventy returned with joy, saying, "Lord, even the demons are subject to us in your name!"
      18 He said to them, "I saw Satan having fallen like lightning from heaven.
      19 Behold, I give you authority to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy. Nothing will in any way hurt you.

      Luc 11

      14 He was casting out a demon, and it was mute. It happened, when the demon had gone out, the mute man spoke; and the multitudes marveled.

      Actes 8

      7 For unclean spirits came out of many of those who had them. They came out, crying with a loud voice. Many who had been paralyzed and lame were healed.

      Actes 19

      12 so that even handkerchiefs or aprons were carried away from his body to the sick, and the evil spirits went out.

      1 Corinthiens 10

      20 But I say that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to demons, and not to God, and I don't desire that you would have fellowship with demons.

      Ephésiens 2

      2 in which you once walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit who now works in the children of disobedience;

      Ephésiens 6

      12 For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world's rulers of the darkness of this age, and against the spiritual forces of wickedness in the heavenly places.

      1 Timothée 4

      1 But the Spirit says expressly that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to seducing spirits and doctrines of demons,

      Jacques 2

      19 You believe that God is one. You do well. The demons also believe, and shudder.

      Apocalypse 9

      20 The rest of mankind, who were not killed with these plagues, didn't repent of the works of their hands, that they wouldn't worship demons, and the idols of gold, and of silver, and of brass, and of stone, and of wood; which can neither see, nor hear, nor walk.

      Apocalypse 16

      14 for they are spirits of demons, performing signs; which go forth to the kings of the whole inhabited earth, to gather them together for the war of that great day of God, the Almighty.

      Apocalypse 18

      2 He cried with a mighty voice, saying, "Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great, and she has become a habitation of demons, a prison of every unclean spirit, and a prison of every unclean and hateful bird!
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