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DIACRE

(grec diaconos). Serviteur de l'Église, à côté des anciens, dès l'origine.

1.

Dans le monde ancien, l'Église trouvait des exemples d'exercice de la bienfaisance. A Rome, les grandes distributions faites aux citoyens pauvres ; dans les associations de personnes humbles (collegia tenuiorum), l'entr'aide ; chez les philosophes stoïciens, des principes de bienfaisance : soin des pauvres, libération des esclaves. En Israël ; l'aumône élevée au rang d'une des grandes formes de la piété ; le principe que le compatriote pauvre doit être secouru par le riche ; l'influence exercée par la législation d'Israël, favorable au pauvre, dans la Loi. Le Talmud dira : « Qui visite un malade est sauvé de l'enfer. » Et Tobit montre comment l'aumône rachète de tous les péchés.

2.

En Jésus, la grande source de la charité a jailli. Il appelle à lui tous les déshérités. Il fait voir la venue même du Règne de Dieu dans cette charité active qui cherche ceux qui sont sans secours, et qui chasse les démons. Il est le serviteur par excellence, et ses disciples doivent être à son image des serviteurs (Mt 20:28, Jn 13:14 et suivant). On peut dire sans exagération que la figure du diacre est une de celles qui procèdent le plus sûrement de la pensée la plus intime du Maître.

3.

Dans la première communauté, le besoin de vivre ensemble et de s'entr'aider a été tel qu'il y a eu, pendant quelque temps tout au moins, une mise en commun des ressources (voir Communion, parag. 5). L'ardeur de la charité, l'attente du retour du Christ ont rendu possible dans un groupe restreint, non sans exceptions douloureuses (Ac 5:1-11), cette fraternité sans limites qui n'était pas une règle et en dehors de laquelle il était normal de rester (Ac 5:4 12:12). On sait comment, le nombre augmentant, les veuves d'entre les Juifs hébreux plus considérés parurent avantagées aux dépens des veuves d'entre les Hellénistes, et comment, pour faire droit aux plaintes de ces Hellénistes, les sept furent choisis en vue de l'assistance journalière et de la surveillance des tables : (Ac 6:1) les Douze convoquent l'assemblée, exposent le cas, prescrivant de choisir sept hommes. Ils doivent être de bon renom, pleins d'Esprit et de sagesse. L'assemblée est d'accord, choisit les sept, les présente aux apôtres, qui prient et leur imposent les mains, en vue de leur emploi (Ac 6:1,6). Ce récit ne leur donne pas le nom de diacre, mais ils le sont de tout point, et la suite du livre confirme et leur titre et leur nombre (Ac 21:8). Les sept, d'après leurs noms, sont tous Hellénistes. Il est probable qu'avant leur nomination il y avait déjà des chrétiens d'entre les Hébreux chargés du même ministère. Les « hommes pieux » qui ensevelissent Etienne (Ac 8:2), les jeunes gens qui rendent service (Ac 5:6-10) étaient-ils déjà préposés aux mêmes soins sous le contrôle des Douze ? Quoi qu'il en soit, les sept apparaissent d'emblée comme étant tout autre chose que chargés essentiellement des soins matériels. Ils forment un groupe actif qui rend témoignage et évangélise à côté des apôtres. Etienne est une grande figure qui annonce saint Paul par la largeur de ses idées et la force pénétrante de sa parole (Ac 6 et Ac 7). Philippe est un inspiré que Dieu guide et qui a une véritable noblesse d'allures comme évangéliste (Ac 8:26-40 21:8). Ils sont comme un jeune christianisme à côté des Douze qui font figure de sénat conservateur.

4.

Chez saint Paul, les diacres apparaissent comme un élément essentiel parmi les directeurs des Églises. A Philippes, l'Église chère à l'apôtre, il y a des évêques et des diacres, c'est-à-dire en somme un corps formé de deux groupes dont l'un, plus âgé, surveille, préside, l'autre, plus jeune ou plus actif, sert et, agit (Php 1:1). Selon l'apôtre, la fonction répond à un don, à un charisme. Il y a tout un faisceau de dons qui répondent à la mission du diacre : la libéralité, la miséricorde (Ro 12:8), qui mènent à subvenir aux besoins (Ro 12:13), à exercer l'hospitalité (Ro 12:13) ; le don de guérir, de secourir (1Co 12:9) et, au sommet, la voie par excellence, la charité qui est l'âme la plus pure de toute action chrétienne ; les fruits de l'Esprit, entre autres l'amour, la bonté, la fidélité (Ga 5:22) ; le don de la grâce de Dieu, accordée par l'efficacité de sa puissance (Eph 3:7). Épaphrodite (Php 4:18) semble avoir été un de ces évangélistes-diacres, serviteurs des Églises, porteurs de leurs dons, qui sont « comme un parfum de bonne odeur, un sacrifice que Dieu accepte et qui lui est agréable » (Php 4:18). Tel est l'esprit du diacre. Nous voyons mal chez l'apôtre comment la fonction est délimitée ; au fond, elle l'était peu, tant les termes de diaconoï et de diaconia ont une acception large : Paul et Apollos, serviteurs par lesquels les Corinthiens ont cru (1Co 3:5) ; l'apostolat, une diaconie (2Co 6:3) ; l'apôtre, diacre par don (Eph 3:7 Col 1:23). Mais dans ce milieu et dans cet esprit la fonction se dessine : « le diacre sert dans le diaconat » (Ro 12:7, trad. Oltr.).

5.

Autres épîtres. Dans l'épître aux Hébreux (Heb 13 1-3,16), l'esprit du diaconat apparaît comme étant celui de chaque chrétien. Les anciens de saint Jacques doivent comprendre des diacres (Jas 5:14), puisqu'il s'agit de malades à visiter. La 1re ép. de saint Pierre met au premier plan les vertus du service charitable : « être diacre » (diaconeïn) au service les uns des autres, en vertu du charisme reçu (1Pi 4:7-11). La 1re ép. de saint Jean met l'accent sur l'amour, le sacrifice, les dons, la réalité (1Jn 3:14-18). Tout ceci donne l'atmosphère où fleurit le diaconat.

6.

La 1re ép. à Timothée, qui retrace l'organisation ecclésiastique à la fin du I er siècle, met les diacres à leur rang, après l'évêque. Avant de les nommer on les éprouve d'abord, puis, s'il n'y a pas de plaintes, on les admet, certainement par l'imposition des mains (Ac 6:6). Les qualités requises sont plutôt négatives : gravité, droiture, sobriété, désintéressement, fidélité à la doctrine. Ce sont les conditions nécessaires pour devenir un personnage ecclésiastique. L'exercice même de la charge est supposé, non décrit (1Ti 3:8-10,12). Le verset 11 intercale visiblement, après v. 8 - 10 et avant v. 12-13, d'autres personnes, les diaconesses (voir ce mot), car quelle apparence y aurait-il qu'on parlât des femmes des diacres avant de les dire mariés ? (1Ti 3:12)

7.

Siècles suivants. Indiquons très brièvement ce que l'institution est devenue. Au II e siècle, avec le développement de l'épiscopat monarchique, les diacres, a côté de l'évêque et du collège des anciens, sont au nombre généralement fixe de sept et servent aux offices d'administration, de charité, à la liturgie, à la cure d'âmes, à la prédication. Puis ils deviennent comme la main de l'évêque, l'aidant pour le culte, portant la communion aux malades, accueillant les étrangers et les hôtes, veillant à la sépulture des abandonnés. Leur consécration est décrite dans les Constitutions apostoliques (VIII, 16s.), qui sont de la fin du IV e siècle, mais qui donnent l'état au III e siècle. L'évêque, assisté des prêtres et des diacres, leur impose les mains et prie. Il les « met à part » pour leur ministère. C'est l'usage apostolique conservé. Leur caractère ecclésiastique et leur place dans la hiérarchie se précisent. Ils sont, après les prêtres, le dernier des ordres majeurs. Au V e siècle, le ministère de la charité cesse peu à peu de leur être éminemment confié. Ils sont au Moyen âge un degré dans la hiérarchie, avec ou sans le nom.

8.

La Réforme, luthérienne et calviniste, a eu ses diacres, laïques acceptant, à côté de leurs occupations, un ministère de charité consistant à recueillir et à distribuer des secours, à prendre soin des pauvres, à visiter les malades. Les Réformés ont mis l'accent sur le diacre faisant revivre la pensée primitive. Dans l'Église anglicane, le diacre est un degré dans l'organisation du clergé, degré où l'on ne reste pas longtemps et qui est, au fond, l'apprentissage du pastorat. Dans l'Allemagne du XIX e siècle, Wichern a organisé pour la mission intérieure un corps de diacres, de frères, entièrement spécialisés et employés aux oeuvres de relèvement et de charité et à la mission urbaine. On peut penser qu'une réorganisation des diaconats en vue d'une activité charitable, sociale, plus variée et plus fervente, est chez nous un devoir de l'heure actuelle et que, de plus, nos diacres devraient être, comme ceux de la primitive Église, des témoins vivants de l'Évangile. An.

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      Lévitique 1

      11 He shall kill it on the north side of the altar before Yahweh. Aaron's sons, the priests, shall sprinkle its blood around on the altar.

      Matthieu 20

      28 even as the Son of Man came not to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many."

      Jean 3

      14 As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up,

      Jean 13

      14 If I then, the Lord and the Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another's feet.

      Actes 5

      1 But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira, his wife, sold a possession,
      2 and kept back part of the price, his wife also being aware of it, and brought a certain part, and laid it at the apostles' feet.
      3 But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit, and to keep back part of the price of the land?
      4 While you kept it, didn't it remain your own? After it was sold, wasn't it in your power? How is it that you have conceived this thing in your heart? You haven't lied to men, but to God."
      5 Ananias, hearing these words, fell down and died. Great fear came on all who heard these things.
      6 The young men arose and wrapped him up, and they carried him out and buried him.
      7 About three hours later, his wife, not knowing what had happened, came in.
      8 Peter answered her, "Tell me whether you sold the land for so much." She said, "Yes, for so much."
      9 But Peter asked her, "How is it that you have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord? Behold, the feet of those who have buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out."
      10 She fell down immediately at his feet, and died. The young men came in and found her dead, and they carried her out and buried her by her husband.
      11 Great fear came on the whole assembly, and on all who heard these things.

      Actes 6

      1 Now in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplying, a complaint arose from the Hellenists against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily service.
      2 The twelve summoned the multitude of the disciples and said, "It is not appropriate for us to forsake the word of God and serve tables.
      3 Therefore select from among you, brothers, seven men of good report, full of the Holy Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business.
      4 But we will continue steadfastly in prayer and in the ministry of the word."
      5 These words pleased the whole multitude. They chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolaus, a proselyte of Antioch;
      6 whom they set before the apostles. When they had prayed, they laid their hands on them.
      7 The word of God increased and the number of the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem exceedingly. A great company of the priests were obedient to the faith.
      8 Stephen, full of faith and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people.
      9 But some of those who were of the synagogue called "The Libertines," and of the Cyrenians, of the Alexandrians, and of those of Cilicia and Asia arose, disputing with Stephen.
      10 They weren't able to withstand the wisdom and the Spirit by which he spoke.
      11 Then they secretly induced men to say, "We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses and God."
      12 They stirred up the people, the elders, and the scribes, and came against him and seized him, and brought him in to the council,
      13 and set up false witnesses who said, "This man never stops speaking blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.
      14 For we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place, and will change the customs which Moses delivered to us."
      15 All who sat in the council, fastening their eyes on him, saw his face like it was the face of an angel.

      Actes 7

      1 The high priest said, "Are these things so?"
      2 He said, "Brothers and fathers, listen. The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran,
      3 and said to him, 'Get out of your land, and from your relatives, and come into a land which I will show you.'
      4 Then he came out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and lived in Haran. From there, when his father was dead, God moved him into this land, where you are now living.
      5 He gave him no inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on. He promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him, when he still had no child.
      6 God spoke in this way: that his seed would live as aliens in a strange land, and that they would be enslaved and mistreated for four hundred years.
      7 'I will judge the nation to which they will be in bondage,' said God, 'and after that will they come out, and serve me in this place.'
      8 He gave him the covenant of circumcision. So Abraham became the father of Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day. Isaac became the father of Jacob, and Jacob became the father of the twelve patriarchs.
      9 "The patriarchs, moved with jealousy against Joseph, sold him into Egypt. God was with him,
      10 and delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favor and wisdom before Pharaoh, king of Egypt. He made him governor over Egypt and all his house.
      11 Now a famine came over all the land of Egypt and Canaan, and great affliction. Our fathers found no food.
      12 But when Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt, he sent out our fathers the first time.
      13 On the second time Joseph was made known to his brothers, and Joseph's race was revealed to Pharaoh.
      14 Joseph sent, and summoned Jacob, his father, and all his relatives, seventy-five souls.
      15 Jacob went down into Egypt, and he died, himself and our fathers,
      16 and they were brought back to Shechem, and laid in the tomb that Abraham bought for a price in silver from the children of Hamor of Shechem.
      17 "But as the time of the promise came close which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt,
      18 until there arose a different king, who didn't know Joseph.
      19 The same took advantage of our race, and mistreated our fathers, and forced them to throw out their babies, so that they wouldn't stay alive.
      20 At that time Moses was born, and was exceedingly handsome. He was nourished three months in his father's house.
      21 When he was thrown out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and reared him as her own son.
      22 Moses was instructed in all the wisdom of the Egyptians. He was mighty in his words and works.
      23 But when he was forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brothers , the children of Israel.
      24 Seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged him who was oppressed, striking the Egyptian.
      25 He supposed that his brothers understood that God, by his hand, was giving them deliverance; but they didn't understand.
      26 "The day following, he appeared to them as they fought, and urged them to be at peace again, saying, 'Sirs, you are brothers. Why do you wrong one another?'
      27 But he who did his neighbor wrong pushed him away, saying, 'Who made you a ruler and a judge over us?
      28 Do you want to kill me, as you killed the Egyptian yesterday?'
      29 Moses fled at this saying, and became a stranger in the land of Midian, where he became the father of two sons.
      30 "When forty years were fulfilled, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in the wilderness of Mount Sinai, in a flame of fire in a bush.
      31 When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight. As he came close to see, a voice of the Lord came to him,
      32 'I am the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.' Moses trembled, and dared not look.
      33 The Lord said to him, 'Take your sandals off of your feet, for the place where you stand is holy ground.
      34 I have surely seen the affliction of my people that is in Egypt, and have heard their groaning. I have come down to deliver them. Now come, I will send you into Egypt.'
      35 "This Moses, whom they refused, saying, 'Who made you a ruler and a judge?'--God has sent him as both a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel who appeared to him in the bush.
      36 This man led them out, having worked wonders and signs in Egypt, in the Red Sea, and in the wilderness for forty years.
      37 This is that Moses, who said to the children of Israel, 'The Lord our God will raise up a prophet for you from among your brothers, like me. '
      38 This is he who was in the assembly in the wilderness with the angel that spoke to him on Mount Sinai, and with our fathers, who received living oracles to give to us,
      39 to whom our fathers wouldn't be obedient, but rejected him, and turned back in their hearts to Egypt,
      40 saying to Aaron, 'Make us gods that will go before us, for as for this Moses, who led us out of the land of Egypt, we don't know what has become of him.'
      41 They made a calf in those days, and brought a sacrifice to the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their hands.
      42 But God turned, and gave them up to serve the army of the sky, as it is written in the book of the prophets, 'Did you offer to me slain animals and sacrifices forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel?
      43 You took up the tabernacle of Moloch, the star of your god Rephan, the figures which you made to worship. I will carry you away beyond Babylon.'
      44 "Our fathers had the tabernacle of the testimony in the wilderness, even as he who spoke to Moses commanded him to make it according to the pattern that he had seen;
      45 which also our fathers, in their turn, brought in with Joshua when they entered into the possession of the nations, whom God drove out before the face of our fathers, to the days of David,
      46 who found favor in the sight of God, and asked to find a habitation for the God of Jacob.
      47 But Solomon built him a house.
      48 However, the Most High doesn't dwell in temples made with hands, as the prophet says,
      49 'heaven is my throne, and the earth a footstool for my feet. What kind of house will you build me?' says the Lord; 'or what is the place of my rest?
      50 Didn't my hand make all these things?'
      51 "You stiff-necked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the Holy Spirit! As your fathers did, so you do.
      52 Which of the prophets didn't your fathers persecute? They killed those who foretold the coming of the Righteous One, of whom you have now become betrayers and murderers.
      53 You received the law as it was ordained by angels, and didn't keep it!"
      54 Now when they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed at him with their teeth.
      55 But he, being full of the Holy Spirit, looked up steadfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God,
      56 and said, "Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God!"
      57 But they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and rushed at him with one accord.
      58 They threw him out of the city, and stoned him. The witnesses placed their garments at the feet of a young man named Saul.
      59 They stoned Stephen as he called out, saying, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit!"
      60 He kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, "Lord, don't hold this sin against them!" When he had said this, he fell asleep.

      Actes 8

      2 Devout men buried Stephen, and lamented greatly over him.
      26 But an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip, saying, "Arise, and go toward the south to the way that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza. This is a desert."
      27 He arose and went; and behold, there was a man of Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, who was over all her treasure, who had come to Jerusalem to worship.
      28 He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah.
      29 The Spirit said to Philip, "Go near, and join yourself to this chariot."
      30 Philip ran to him, and heard him reading Isaiah the prophet, and said, "Do you understand what you are reading?"
      31 He said, "How can I, unless someone explains it to me?" He begged Philip to come up and sit with him.
      32 Now the passage of the Scripture which he was reading was this, "He was led as a sheep to the slaughter. As a lamb before his shearer is silent, so he doesn't open his mouth.
      33 In his humiliation, his judgment was taken away. Who will declare His generation? For his life is taken from the earth."
      34 The eunuch answered Philip, "Who is the prophet talking about? About himself, or about someone else?"
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