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Merci à Bibles et Publications Chrétiennes pour la conception du processus d’affichage DYS.

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HÉRÉDITÉ

--Pour le sens juridique (transmission de biens par héritage), voir Propriété.

Le plus souvent, l'hérédité désigne la transmission de caractères physiques ou moraux des pères aux enfants.

Il paraît presque impossible de découvrir dans la Bible trace bien distincte d'une théorie de l'hérédité. Certes elle affirme que toute l'humanité est sortie d'un même homme, est fille d'Adam (Ac 17:26) ; elle reconnaît l'universalité du péché (Ge 6:12, Ps 14:1) et établit implicitement un rapport de cause à effet entre ces deux constatations ; c'est la faute d'un seul, du premier Adam, qui fait peser sur tous la condamnation, qui a établi sur la terre le règne du péché, et par le péché la mort (Ro 5:12,19) ; toutefois il semble que c'est la loi de solidarité, celle qui unit la famille humaine en un seul corps, celle qui veut que « si un membre souffre, le corps tout entier soit atteint » (1Co 12:26), qui a surtout arrêté la pensée juive et orienté la théologie paulinienne. On peut aussi indiquer quelques textes qui, faisant du péché une faiblesse attachée à notre chair (Ps 78:39, Job 10:9), nous amèneraient à constater que c'est par hérédité que se transmet cette faiblesse ; mais tout cela reste assez imprécis.

Si la question de l'hérédité se pose d'une manière bien claire, c'est principalement lorsqu'il s'agit de la réversibilité sur leurs descendants des peines encourues par les parents. Ici, le second commandement du Décalogue nous apporte une déclaration formelle : « Je punis l'iniquité des pères sur les enfants jusqu'à trois et quatre générations ; je fais grâce jusqu'à mille générations... » (Ex 20:5 34:7). Cette responsabilité, qui héréditairement s'étend sur plusieurs générations, se justifie, pour les Hébreux, par le fait de la solidarité étroite entre les hommes d'une même famille, d'un même clan. L'injure qui atteint le chef est ressentie par tous, le crime du chef est imputable à tous. Lorsqu'une faute grave ou un meurtre a été commis, la loi englobe dans le châtiment toute la famille (Jos 7:24 et suivant) ; elle fait également bénéficier celle-ci des services rendus par un de ses membres (Jos 6:25). On suivrait avec intérêt l'évolution de cette idée en montrant, dans les moeurs juives, les traces d'une sorte de vendetta qui poursuivait non seulement le coupable mais ses descendants (2Sa 21:6), dans l'institution du goël (voir Vengeur du sang), sorte de légataire universel chargé en quelque sorte de continuer le défunt, de gérer ses biens, de les racheter s'ils sont aliénés, de lui assurer une descendance s'il est mort sans enfants et aussi de le venger (No 35:19).

Le Deutéronome s'efforce de réagir contre cette sanglante coutume (De 24:16) et le prophète célèbre le temps où elle sera définitivement abolie, où les enfants n'auront plus à répondre devant Dieu ou devant les hommes que de leurs propres fautes (Jer 31:29 et suivant, Eze 18:1 et suivants) ; Jésus, enfin, dans une scène célèbre, se refuse à considérer que la cécité qui a frappé un malheureux, dès sa naissance, soit un châtiment qui frappe le fils parce que ses parents ont péché (Jn 9:2 et suivant).

Signalons comme une sorte d'intuition la belle coutume par laquelle le père de famille rassemblait les siens, pour leur partager ses biens et les bénir, s'efforçant dans ce geste suprême de faire passer en eux le meilleur de lui-même, de devenir pour eux le canal des bénédictions divines (Ge 27 Ge 49 etc.).

Dans le N.T., et particulièrement dans les ép. de Paul, la loi de solidarité héréditaire qui entraîne la condamnation de tous, par suite de la faute d'un, seul, deviendra le grand moyen de salut et permettra à tous les croyants de devenir participants de la sainteté du Christ (Heb 12:10), de sa gloire (1Pi 5:1), de sa nature divine (2Pi 1:4), héritiers de la grâce et de la vie éternelle (Eph 1:11-14).

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      Genèse 6

      12 God saw the earth, and saw that it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth.

      Genèse 27

      1 It happened, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his elder son, and said to him, "My son?" He said to him, "Here I am."
      2 He said, "See now, I am old. I don't know the day of my death.
      3 Now therefore, please take your weapons, your quiver and your bow, and go out to the field, and take me venison.
      4 Make me savory food, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat, and that my soul may bless you before I die."
      5 Rebekah heard when Isaac spoke to Esau his son. Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it.
      6 Rebekah spoke to Jacob her son, saying, "Behold, I heard your father speak to Esau your brother, saying,
      7 'Bring me venison, and make me savory food, that I may eat, and bless you before Yahweh before my death.'
      8 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I command you.
      9 Go now to the flock, and get me from there two good young goats. I will make them savory food for your father, such as he loves.
      10 You shall bring it to your father, that he may eat, so that he may bless you before his death."
      11 Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, "Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man.
      12 What if my father touches me? I will seem to him as a deceiver, and I would bring a curse on myself, and not a blessing."
      13 His mother said to him, "Let your curse be on me, my son. Only obey my voice, and go get them for me."
      14 He went, and got them, and brought them to his mother. His mother made savory food, such as his father loved.
      15 Rebekah took the good clothes of Esau, her elder son, which were with her in the house, and put them on Jacob, her younger son.
      16 She put the skins of the young goats on his hands, and on the smooth of his neck.
      17 She gave the savory food and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob.
      18 He came to his father, and said, "My father?" He said, "Here I am. Who are you, my son?"
      19 Jacob said to his father, "I am Esau your firstborn. I have done what you asked me to do. Please arise, sit and eat of my venison, that your soul may bless me."
      20 Isaac said to his son, "How is it that you have found it so quickly, my son?" He said, "Because Yahweh your God gave me success."
      21 Isaac said to Jacob, "Please come near, that I may feel you, my son, whether you are really my son Esau or not."
      22 Jacob went near to Isaac his father. He felt him, and said, "The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau."
      23 He didn't recognize him, because his hands were hairy, like his brother, Esau's hands. So he blessed him.
      24 He said, "Are you really my son Esau?" He said, "I am."
      25 He said, "Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may bless you." He brought it near to him, and he ate. He brought him wine, and he drank.
      26 His father Isaac said to him, "Come near now, and kiss me, my son."
      27 He came near, and kissed him. He smelled the smell of his clothing, and blessed him, and said, "Behold, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which Yahweh has blessed.
      28 God give you of the dew of the sky, of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and new wine.
      29 Let peoples serve you, and nations bow down to you. Be lord over your brothers. Let your mother's sons bow down to you. Cursed be everyone who curses you. Blessed be everyone who blesses you."
      30 It happened, as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob had just gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting.
      31 He also made savory food, and brought it to his father. He said to his father, "Let my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that your soul may bless me."
      32 Isaac his father said to him, "Who are you?" He said, "I am your son, your firstborn, Esau."
      33 Isaac trembled violently, and said, "Who, then, is he who has taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all before you came, and have blessed him? Yes, he will be blessed."
      34 When Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with an exceeding great and bitter cry, and said to his father, "Bless me, even me also, my father."
      35 He said, "Your brother came with deceit, and has taken away your blessing."
      36 He said, "Isn't he rightly named Jacob? For he has supplanted me these two times. He took away my birthright. See, now he has taken away my blessing." He said, "Haven't you reserved a blessing for me?"
      37 Isaac answered Esau, "Behold, I have made him your lord, and all his brothers have I given to him for servants. With grain and new wine have I sustained him. What then will I do for you, my son?"
      38 Esau said to his father, "Have you but one blessing, my father? Bless me, even me also, my father." Esau lifted up his voice, and wept.
      39 Isaac his father answered him, "Behold, of the fatness of the earth will be your dwelling, and of the dew of the sky from above.
      40 By your sword will you live, and you will serve your brother. It will happen, when you will break loose, that you shall shake his yoke from off your neck."
      41 Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing with which his father blessed him. Esau said in his heart, "The days of mourning for my father are at hand. Then I will kill my brother Jacob."
      42 The words of Esau, her elder son, were told to Rebekah. She sent and called Jacob, her younger son, and said to him, "Behold, your brother Esau comforts himself about you by planning to kill you.
      43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice. Arise, flee to Laban, my brother, in Haran.
      44 Stay with him a few days, until your brother's fury turns away;
      45 until your brother's anger turn away from you, and he forgets what you have done to him. Then I will send, and get you from there. Why should I be bereaved of you both in one day?"
      46 Rebekah said to Isaac, "I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth. If Jacob takes a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these, of the daughters of the land, what good will my life do me?"

      Genèse 49

      1 Jacob called to his sons, and said: "Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which will happen to you in the days to come.
      2 Assemble yourselves, and hear, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father.
      3 "Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength; excelling in dignity, and excelling in power.
      4 Boiling over as water, you shall not excel; because you went up to your father's bed, then defiled it. He went up to my couch.
      5 "Simeon and Levi are brothers. Their swords are weapons of violence.
      6 My soul, don't come into their council. My glory, don't be united to their assembly; for in their anger they killed men. In their self-will they hamstrung cattle.
      7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.
      8 "Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies. Your father's sons will bow down before you.
      9 Judah is a lion's cub. From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He stooped down, he crouched as a lion, as a lioness. Who will rouse him up?
      10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs. To him will the obedience of the peoples be.
      11 Binding his foal to the vine, his donkey's colt to the choice vine; he has washed his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.
      12 His eyes will be red with wine, his teeth white with milk.
      13 "Zebulun will dwell at the haven of the sea. He will be for a haven of ships. His border will be on Sidon.
      14 "Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the saddlebags.
      15 He saw a resting place, that it was good, the land, that it was pleasant. He bows his shoulder to the burden, and becomes a servant doing forced labor.
      16 "Dan will judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel.
      17 Dan will be a serpent in the way, an adder in the path, That bites the horse's heels, so that his rider falls backward.
      18 I have waited for your salvation, Yahweh.
      19 "A troop will press on Gad, but he will press on their heel.
      20 "Asher's food will be rich. He will yield royal dainties.
      21 "Naphtali is a doe set free, who bears beautiful fawns.
      22 "Joseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a spring. His branches run over the wall.
      23 The archers have severely grieved him, shot at him, and persecute him:
      24 But his bow remained strong. The arms of his hands were made strong, by the hands of the Mighty One of Jacob, (from there is the shepherd, the stone of Israel),
      25 even by the God of your father, who will help you; by the Almighty, who will bless you, with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lies below, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.
      26 The blessings of your father have prevailed above the blessings of your ancestors, above the boundaries of the ancient hills. They will be on the head of Joseph, on the crown of the head of him who is separated from his brothers.
      27 "Benjamin is a ravenous wolf. In the morning he will devour the prey. At evening he will divide the spoil."
      28 All these are the twelve tribes of Israel, and this is what their father spoke to them and blessed them. He blessed everyone according to his blessing.
      29 He instructed them, and said to them, "I am to be gathered to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite,
      30 in the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field from Ephron the Hittite as a burial place.
      31 There they buried Abraham and Sarah, his wife. There they buried Isaac and Rebekah, his wife, and there I buried Leah:
      32 the field and the cave that is therein, which was purchased from the children of Heth."
      33 When Jacob made an end of charging his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the spirit, and was gathered to his people.

      Exode 20

      5 you shall not bow yourself down to them, nor serve them, for I, Yahweh your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and on the fourth generation of those who hate me,

      Exode 34

      7 keeping loving kindness for thousands, forgiving iniquity and disobedience and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, and on the children's children, on the third and on the fourth generation."

      Nombres 35

      19 The avenger of blood shall himself put the murderer to death: when he meets him, he shall put him to death.

      Josué 6

      25 But Rahab the prostitute, her father's household, and all that she had, Joshua saved alive. She lived in the midst of Israel to this day, because she hid the messengers, whom Joshua sent to spy out Jericho.

      Josué 7

      24 Joshua, and all Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, the silver, the robe, the wedge of gold, his sons, his daughters, his cattle, his donkeys, his sheep, his tent, and all that he had; and they brought them up to the valley of Achor.

      2 Samuel 21

      6 let seven men of his sons be delivered to us, and we will hang them up to Yahweh in Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of Yahweh." The king said, "I will give them."

      Job 10

      9 Remember, I beg you, that you have fashioned me as clay. Will you bring me into dust again?

      Psaumes 14

      1 <> The fool has said in his heart, "There is no God." They are corrupt. They have done abominable works. There is none who does good.

      Psaumes 78

      39 He remembered that they were but flesh, a wind that passes away, and doesn't come again.

      Jérémie 31

      29 In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge.

      Ezéchiel 18

      1 The word of Yahweh came to me again, saying,

      Jean 9

      2 His disciples asked him, "Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?"

      Actes 17

      26 He made from one blood every nation of men to dwell on all the surface of the earth, having determined appointed seasons, and the boundaries of their dwellings,

      Romains 5

      12 Therefore as sin entered into the world through one man, and death through sin; and so death passed to all men, because all sinned.
      19 For as through the one man's disobedience many were made sinners, even so through the obedience of the one, many will be made righteous.

      1 Corinthiens 12

      26 When one member suffers, all the members suffer with it. Or when one member is honored, all the members rejoice with it.

      Ephésiens 1

      11 in whom also we were assigned an inheritance, having been foreordained according to the purpose of him who works all things after the counsel of his will;
      12 to the end that we should be to the praise of his glory, we who had before hoped in Christ:
      13 in whom you also, having heard the word of the truth, the Good News of your salvation--in whom, having also believed, you were sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise,
      14 who is a pledge of our inheritance, to the redemption of God's own possession, to the praise of his glory.
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