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HUILE

La Bible fait souvent mention de l'huile, et sauf Est 2:12 (huile et myrrhe), c'est toujours d'huile d'olive qu'il s'agit, une des plus importantes productions de la Palestine (Jug 9:9,2Ro 18:32).

1.

Usages. Dans tout l'Orient, elle est employée pour la cuisine, par ex. la confection de gâteaux (Le 2:4 14:10, No 11:8) ; chaque maison la conservait dans une cruche de terre, et malheur à ceux dont la cruche était vide ! (1Ro 17:12-16) Elle était indispensable également pour l'éclairage, soit du tabernacle (Le 24:2, cf. 1Sa 3:3), soit des maisons particulières (Mt 25:3 et suivant). Son usage médical est affirmé par Ésaïe, qui se plaint allégorique-ment de ce que les blessures de son peuple n'ont pas été « adoucies par l'huile » (Esa 1:6). Jésus la fait employer par le Samaritain (Lu 10:34) ; l'usage de l'onction des malades apparaît dans les évangiles et dans les épîtres (Mr 6:13, Jas 5:14).

L'huile, qui représentait une certaine aisance (Am 6:6, Ecc 9:8), était employée dans la toilette (Ru 3:3, Eze 16:9), dans la parure des jours de fête (Esa 61:3, Ps 104:15) ; on s'en abstenait en temps de deuil (2Sa 12:20 14:2, Da 10:3) ou de jeûne (Mt 6:17). Répandre de l'huile parfumée sur la tête de ses hôtes était un devoir de l'hospitalité (Ps 23:5, Lu 7:46).

Oindre d'huile quelqu'un, c'était le choisir pour de hautes fonctions. Parmi ces « fils de l'huile », selon l'expression littérale de Za 4:14, il faut ranger les rois (Saül, 1Sa 10:1 ; David, 1Sa 16:1,2Sa 2:4, Ps 89:21 ; Salomon, 1Ro 1:45 ; Jéhu, 2Ro 9:1,6 ; Hazaël, 1Ro 19:15 ; Joas, 2Ro 11:12, cf. Ps 45:8) ; Dieu ordonne à Élie d'oindre Elisée (1Ro 19:16). Grand-prêtre et sacrificateurs étaient oints d'une huile aromatisée décrite dans Ex 30:22-25,30. d'après Ps, 133:2, cette huile « découle sur la barbe d'Aaron qui flotte sur le bord de sa robe » (Reuss ; traduction plus probable que : « l'huile... qui découle sur le bord de sa robe »). L' « oint » de l'Éternel était le représentant, l'envoyé de Dieu (1Sa 2:10 26:9,2Sa 1:14, Ps 2:2, Esa 45:1, Esa 61:1, etc.) : « Oint » est le sens du mot hébreu Messie et du mot grec Christ (voir Messie). L'huile d'onction était conservée dans une fiole (1Sa 10:1,2Ro 9:1) ou dans une corne (1Sa 16:1,1Ro 1:39).

Enfin, il était fait dans le culte un abondant usage d'huile. Jacob, déjà, consacrait ainsi des pierres saintes (Ge 28:18 35:14). L'habitude d'oindre les boucliers était au moins autant un rite de consécration qu'un moyen de conservation (2Sa 1:21, Esa 21:5). Dans le culte sacerdotal, les ustensiles sacrés étaient oints de l'huile spéciale (Ex 40:9-11), et l'huile avait sa place dans les offrandes (Le 2:1-7, Esd 6:9, cf. Mic 6:7), les prémices (No 18:12), le sacrifice pour la purification des lépreux (Le 14:10,31) ; cf. les dîmes dans De 14:23.

2.

Préparation. Le premier acte consistait à secouer les oliviers (voir ce mot) pour abattre les olives (De 24:20) ; dans cet arbre dégarni, Ésaïe voit l'image de son peuple bouleversé par ses ennemis (Esa 17:6 24:13). En cueillant les olives avant leur pleine maturité, et en purifiant le jus qu'on en exprimait, on obtenait ce que nos versions appellent « huile pure d'olives concassées » (Sg.) ou « broyées » (Vers. Syn.) ou « huile vierge » (Ost., Bbl. Cent.), et qu'on employait pour les lampes du tabernacle (Ex 27:20, Le 24:2,1Ro 5:11).

Pour l'usage courant, on se servait de moulins à « presser l'huile » (Mic 6:15) qui était recueillie dans des cuves comme le vin (Joe 2:24). L'archéologie a révélé plusieurs modèles de moulins à huile. Ce pouvait être primitivement un simple trou dans le roc (De 32:13), avec ruisseau d'écoulement dans un autre trou (Job 29:6). Ce pouvait être aussi un bloc de pierre évidé au centre, avec un orifice d'écoulement, et où l'on écrasait les olives avec une grosse pierre ronde : on en a retrouvé de ronds, de carrés et d'octogonaux (fig. 110). Plus tard on se servit d'une pierre de meule, roulant circulairement dans l'évidement. Le premier traitement- des olives fournissait la meilleure qualité d'huile (No 18:12, Am 6:6).

On mettait alors la pulpe restante dans des paniers empilés les uns sur les autres, au-dessus desquels on actionnait une lourde masse de bois ; cette presse à huile donnait la seconde qualité. L'un et l'autre liquides, recueillis dans les jarres, formaient l'huile à l'état brut, nommée d'habitude à côté du vin nouveau ou « moût » (No 18:12, De 11:14 12:17, Ag 1:11), et qu'un mot hébreu spécial, itsehar, distingue de l'huile raffinée, chèmèn, obtenue par transvasements successifs (Ge 28:18, Pr 21:17, Esa 1:6).

3.

Commerce. Ce précieux produit que le pays livrait en abondance, et pour lequel on ne savait pas toujours remercier Dieu (Os 2:8), faisait l'objet d'un important commerce intérieur (2Ro 4:7, Mt 25:9, Lu 16:6, cf. Ne 5:11), et même d'un commerce d'exportation vers l'Egypte (Os 12:2), vers Tyr (1Ro 5:11, tribut de Salomon à Hiram), et par l'intermédiaire de Tyr (Eze 27:17).

4.

Sens figuré. Des images nombreuses se présentaient à l'esprit des écrivains bibliques. L'huile, c'était le symbole de la joie (Ps 45:8, Esa 61:3), de la prospérité (De 33:24), des paroles douces (Ps 55:22, Pr 5:3), de l'amitié (Ps 133:1 et suivant), ou bien de la force que Dieu donne (Ps 92:11) ; ou encore, à un autre point de vue, d'une chose insaisissable et fuyante (Pr 27:15). On sait enfin que l'onction (voir ce mot) est devenue l'image du choix, de la vocation divine. - (Esa 61:1, Ac 10:38,2Co 1:21,1Jn 2:20,27) J. R. iv.

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      Genèse 28

      18 Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put under his head, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil on its top.

      Genèse 35

      14 Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he spoke with him, a pillar of stone. He poured out a drink offering on it, and poured oil on it.

      Exode 27

      20 "You shall command the children of Israel, that they bring to you pure olive oil beaten for the light, to cause a lamp to burn continually.

      Exode 30

      22 Moreover Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      23 "Also take fine spices: of liquid myrrh, five hundred shekels; and of fragrant cinnamon half as much, even two hundred and fifty; and of fragrant cane, two hundred and fifty;
      24 and of cassia five hundred, after the shekel of the sanctuary; and a hin of olive oil.
      25 You shall make it a holy anointing oil, a perfume compounded after the art of the perfumer: it shall be a holy anointing oil.
      30 You shall anoint Aaron and his sons, and sanctify them, that they may minister to me in the priest's office.

      Exode 40

      9 "You shall take the anointing oil, and anoint the tabernacle, and all that is in it, and shall make it holy, and all its furniture: and it will be holy.
      10 You shall anoint the altar of burnt offering, with all its vessels, and sanctify the altar: and the altar will be most holy.
      11 You shall anoint the basin and its base, and sanctify it.

      Lévitique 2

      1 "'When anyone offers an offering of a meal offering to Yahweh, his offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil on it, and put frankincense on it.
      2 He shall bring it to Aaron's sons, the priests; and he shall take his handful of its fine flour, and of its oil, with all its frankincense; and the priest shall burn its memorial on the altar, an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      3 That which is left of the meal offering shall be Aaron's and his sons'. It is a most holy thing of the offerings of Yahweh made by fire.
      4 "'When you offer an offering of a meal offering baked in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour mixed with oil, or unleavened wafers anointed with oil.
      5 If your offering is a meal offering of the griddle, it shall be of unleavened fine flour, mixed with oil.
      6 You shall cut it in pieces, and pour oil on it. It is a meal offering.
      7 If your offering is a meal offering of the pan, it shall be made of fine flour with oil.

      Lévitique 14

      10 "On the eighth day he shall take two male lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb a year old without blemish, and three tenths of an ephah of fine flour for a meal offering, mingled with oil, and one log of oil.
      31 even such as he is able to afford, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, with the meal offering. The priest shall make atonement for him who is to be cleansed before Yahweh."

      Lévitique 24

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Command the children of Israel, that they bring to you pure olive oil beaten for the light, to cause a lamp to burn continually.

      Nombres 11

      8 The people went around, gathered it, and ground it in mills, or beat it in mortars, and boiled it in pots, and made cakes of it. Its taste was like the taste of fresh oil.

      Nombres 18

      12 "All the best of the oil, and all the best of the vintage, and of the grain, the first fruits of them which they give to Yahweh, to you have I given them.

      Juges 9

      2 "Please speak in the ears of all the men of Shechem, 'Is it better for you that all the sons of Jerubbaal, who are seventy persons, rule over you, or that one rule over you?' Remember also that I am your bone and your flesh."
      9 "But the olive tree said to them, 'Should I leave my fatness, with which by me they honor God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'

      Ruth 3

      3 Therefore wash yourself, anoint yourself, get dressed, and go down to the threshing floor, but don't make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking.

      1 Samuel 2

      10 Those who strive with Yahweh shall be broken to pieces. He will thunder against them in the sky. "Yahweh will judge the ends of the earth. He will give strength to his king, and exalt the horn of his anointed."

      1 Samuel 3

      3 and the lamp of God hadn't yet gone out, and Samuel had laid down in Yahweh's temple, where the ark of God was;

      1 Samuel 10

      1 Then Samuel took the vial of oil, and poured it on his head, and kissed him, and said, "Isn't it that Yahweh has anointed you to be prince over his inheritance?
      2 When you have departed from me today, then you shall find two men by Rachel's tomb, in the border of Benjamin at Zelzah; and they will tell you, 'The donkeys which you went to seek have been found; and behold, your father has stopped caring about the donkeys, and is anxious for you, saying, "What shall I do for my son?"'

      1 Samuel 16

      1 Yahweh said to Samuel, "How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel? Fill your horn with oil, and go. I will send you to Jesse the Bethlehemite; for I have provided a king for myself among his sons."

      2 Samuel 1

      14 David said to him, "How were you not afraid to put forth your hand to destroy Yahweh's anointed?"
      21 You mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew nor rain on you, neither fields of offerings; For there the shield of the mighty was vilely cast away, The shield of Saul was not anointed with oil.

      2 Samuel 2

      4 The men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. They told David, saying, "The men of Jabesh Gilead were those who buried Saul."

      2 Samuel 12

      20 Then David arose from the earth, and washed, and anointed himself, and changed his clothing; and he came into the house of Yahweh, and worshiped: then he came to his own house; and when he required, they set bread before him, and he ate.

      Esdras 6

      9 That which they have need of, both young bulls, and rams, and lambs, for burnt offerings to the God of heaven; also wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the word of the priests who are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail;

      Néhémie 5

      11 Please restore to them, even this day, their fields, their vineyards, their olive groves, and their houses, also the hundredth part of the money, and of the grain, the new wine, and the oil, that you are charging them."

      Esther 2

      12 Each young woman's turn came to go in to King Ahasuerus after her purification for twelve months (for so were the days of their purification accomplished, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet fragrances and with preparations for beautifying women).

      Job 29

      6 when my steps were washed with butter, and the rock poured out streams of oil for me,

      Psaumes 2

      2 The kings of the earth take a stand, and the rulers take counsel together, against Yahweh, and against his Anointed, saying,

      Psaumes 23

      5 You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies. You anoint my head with oil. My cup runs over.

      Psaumes 45

      8 All your garments smell like myrrh, aloes, and cassia. Out of ivory palaces stringed instruments have made you glad.

      Psaumes 55

      22 Cast your burden on Yahweh, and he will sustain you. He will never allow the righteous to be moved.

      Psaumes 89

      21 with whom my hand shall be established. My arm will also strengthen him.

      Psaumes 92

      11 My eye has also seen my enemies. My ears have heard of the wicked enemies who rise up against me.

      Psaumes 104

      15 wine that makes glad the heart of man, oil to make his face to shine, and bread that strengthens man's heart.

      Psaumes 133

      2 It is like the precious oil on the head, that ran down on the beard, even Aaron's beard; that came down on the edge of his robes;

      Proverbes 5

      3 For the lips of an adulteress drip honey. Her mouth is smoother than oil,

      Proverbes 21

      17 He who loves pleasure shall be a poor man. He who loves wine and oil shall not be rich.

      Proverbes 27

      15 A continual dropping on a rainy day and a contentious wife are alike:

      Esaïe 1

      6 From the sole of the foot even to the head there is no soundness in it: wounds, welts, and open sores. They haven't been closed, neither bandaged, neither soothed with oil.

      Esaïe 17

      6 Yet gleanings will be left there, like the shaking of an olive tree, two or three olives in the top of the uppermost bough, four or five in the outermost branches of a fruitful tree," says Yahweh, the God of Israel.

      Esaïe 21

      5 They prepare the table. They set the watch. They eat. They drink. Rise up, you princes, oil the shield!

      Esaïe 24

      13 For it will be so in the midst of the earth among the peoples, as the shaking of an olive tree, as the gleanings when the vintage is done.

      Esaïe 45

      1 Thus says Yahweh to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have held, to subdue nations before him, and strip kings of their armor; to open the doors before him, and the gates shall not be shut:

      Esaïe 61

      1 The Spirit of the Lord Yahweh is on me; because Yahweh has anointed me to preach good news to the humble. He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and release to those who are bound;
      3 to appoint to those who mourn in Zion, to give to them a garland for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; that they may be called trees of righteousness, the planting of Yahweh, that he may be glorified.

      Ezéchiel 16

      9 Then washed I you with water; yes, I thoroughly washed away your blood from you, and I anointed you with oil.

      Ezéchiel 27

      17 Judah, and the land of Israel, they were your traffickers: they traded for your merchandise wheat of Minnith, and confections, and honey, and oil, and balm.

      Daniel 10

      3 I ate no pleasant bread, neither came flesh nor wine into my mouth, neither did I anoint myself at all, until three whole weeks were fulfilled.

      Osée 2

      8 For she did not know that I gave her the grain, the new wine, and the oil, and multiplied to her silver and gold, which they used for Baal.

      Osée 12

      2 Yahweh also has a controversy with Judah, and will punish Jacob according to his ways; according to his deeds he will repay him.

      Joël 2

      24 The threshing floors will be full of wheat, and the vats will overflow with new wine and oil.

      Amos 6

      6 who drink wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the best oils; but they are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph.

      Michée 6

      7 Will Yahweh be pleased with thousands of rams? With tens of thousands of rivers of oil? Shall I give my firstborn for my disobedience? The fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?
      15 You will sow, but won't reap. You will tread the olives, but won't anoint yourself with oil; and crush grapes, but won't drink the wine.

      Aggée 1

      11 I called for a drought on the land, on the mountains, on the grain, on the new wine, on the oil, on that which the ground brings forth, on men, on livestock, and on all the labor of the hands."

      Zacharie 4

      14 Then he said, "These are the two anointed ones who stand by the Lord of the whole earth."

      Matthieu 6

      17 But you, when you fast, anoint your head, and wash your face;

      Matthieu 25

      3 Those who were foolish, when they took their lamps, took no oil with them,
      9 But the wise answered, saying, 'What if there isn't enough for us and you? You go rather to those who sell, and buy for yourselves.'

      Marc 6

      13 They cast out many demons, and anointed many with oil who were sick, and healed them.

      Luc 7

      46 You didn't anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment.

      Luc 10

      34 came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him.

      Luc 16

      6 He said, 'A hundred batos of oil.' He said to him, 'Take your bill, and sit down quickly and write fifty.'

      Jean 2

      20 The Jews therefore said, "It took forty-six years to build this temple! Will you raise it up in three days?"

      Actes 10

      38 even Jesus of Nazareth, how God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with him.

      Romains 5

      11 Not only so, but we also rejoice in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received the reconciliation.

      Romains 9

      1 I tell the truth in Christ. I am not lying, my conscience testifying with me in the Holy Spirit,

      2 Corinthiens 1

      21 Now he who establishes us with you in Christ, and anointed us, is God;

      Jacques 5

      14 Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the assembly, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord,

      1 Jean 2

      20 You have an anointing from the Holy One, and you all have knowledge.
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