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ISRAÉLITE

Pour l'A.T., voir l'article précédent. Dans le N.T., ce terme n'apparaît qu'une dizaine de fois, et qu'une seule fois dans les évangiles ; mais on y trouve souvent le nom d'Israël employé comme complément : peuple d'Israël (Mt 2:6), maison d'Israël (Mt 10:6), enfants d'Israël (Mt 27:9), tribus d'Israël (Lu 22:30), pays d'Israël (Mt 2:20), Dieu d'Israël (Mt 15:31), Roi d'Israël (Mr 15:32, Mt 27:42, Jn 12:13)

Alors que le nom d'Hébreu (voir ce mot) insiste sur la langue, et celui de Juif (voir ce mot) sur la nationalité, le nom d'Israël rappelle sa vocation divine (Ge 32:28 35:10) et les privilèges que la grâce de l'Éternel réserve à ce peuple élu, en particulier l'espérance messianique (Mt 2:6, Lu 1:54,68 2:25,32 24:21, Ac 16 13:16 et suivant, Ro 11:1, etc.). Mais voici le contraste poignant : le peuple de Dieu a manqué à sa vocation ! Il a besoin de repentance (Lu 11:6), ses brebis sont perdues (Mt 15:24), un de ses plus grands docteurs ignore jusqu'aux éléments de la vie de l'âme (Jn 3:10), la foi d'un officier païen ne se trouve pas chez lui (Mt 8:10 parallèle Lu 7:9), et Dieu bénira de préférence les païens, comme jadis (Lu 4:25 et suivants), en confiant sa vigne à un autre peuple (Mt 21:43) et l'autorité spirituelle à ses fidèles sans préoccupation de nationalité (Mt 19:28, Lu 22:30).

--De cette situation, l'apôtre Paul dégage vigoureusement les principes : le « vrai Israël » ne se limite pas aux descendants d'Israël (Ro 9:3) ; « l'Israël de Dieu » se compose de tous les chrétiens, quelle que soit leur origine, juive ou païenne (Ga 6:16 Eph 2:11-19) ; le but final de Dieu est de sauver la totalité des païens et la totalité d'Israël (Ro 11:25).

C'est précisément à ce point de vue qu'est très caractéristique l'unique apparition du titre d'Israélite dans les évangiles : (Jn 1:47) Nathanaël, un fervent de l'espérance messianique (Jn 1:45), vient trouver Jésus à l'appel de Philippe, malgré son objection sur l'humble origine de ce maître (Jn 1:46) ; Jésus, en l'appelant alors « un véritable Israélite en qui il n'y a point de fraude », fait allusion au fraudeur : Jacob le « supplanteur », devenu Israël, « fort avec Dieu » ; (cf. Ge 32:28) et il confirme l'allusion en comparant son oeuvre médiatrice à l'échelle du même Jacob (cf. Jn 1:51, cf. Ge 28:12), lorsqu'il est reconnu et salué pour son Roi par le véritable Israélite (Jn 1:49).

Cette épithète ne peut manquer de suggérer, dans l'esprit du Seigneur, l'évocation tragique qui domine tout le quatrième évangile, de ces chefs d'Israël, « les Juifs » qui, bien qu'étant « les siens, ne l'ont point reçu » (Jn 1:11) ; leur prétexte contre Jésus, dans Jn 6:42, est de même ordre que le premier préjugé de Nathanaël ; mais celui-ci, âme ouverte, sans parti pris, s'est donné d'un seul élan de foi au « Fils de Dieu », tandis que l'orgueil de race des grands chefs, aveuglant leur haine contre le Christ, leur a fait rejeter le dessein de Dieu à leur égard (Lu 7:30). Voir Trench, Syn. N.T., parag. 39.

Jn L.

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      Genèse 28

      12 He dreamed. Behold, a stairway set upon the earth, and its top reached to heaven. Behold, the angels of God ascending and descending on it.

      Genèse 32

      28 He said, "Your name will no longer be called Jacob, but Israel; for you have fought with God and with men, and have prevailed."

      Genèse 35

      10 God said to him, "Your name is Jacob. Your name shall not be Jacob any more, but your name will be Israel." He named him Israel.

      Matthieu 2

      6 'You Bethlehem, land of Judah, are in no way least among the princes of Judah: for out of you shall come forth a governor, who shall shepherd my people, Israel.'"
      20 "Arise and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel, for those who sought the young child's life are dead."

      Matthieu 8

      10 When Jesus heard it, he marveled, and said to those who followed, "Most certainly I tell you, I haven't found so great a faith, not even in Israel.

      Matthieu 10

      6 Rather, go to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.

      Matthieu 15

      24 But he answered, "I wasn't sent to anyone but the lost sheep of the house of Israel."
      31 so that the multitude wondered when they saw the mute speaking, injured whole, lame walking, and blind seeing--and they glorified the God of Israel.

      Matthieu 19

      28 Jesus said to them, "Most certainly I tell you that you who have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of Man will sit on the throne of his glory, you also will sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

      Matthieu 21

      43 "Therefore I tell you, the Kingdom of God will be taken away from you, and will be given to a nation bringing forth its fruit.

      Matthieu 27

      9 Then that which was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled, saying, "They took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him upon whom a price had been set, whom some of the children of Israel priced,
      42 "He saved others, but he can't save himself. If he is the King of Israel, let him come down from the cross now, and we will believe in him.

      Marc 15

      32 Let the Christ, the King of Israel, now come down from the cross, that we may see and believe him. " Those who were crucified with him insulted him.

      Luc 1

      54 He has given help to Israel, his servant, that he might remember mercy,
      68 "Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, for he has visited and worked redemption for his people;

      Luc 2

      25 Behold, there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon. This man was righteous and devout, looking for the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was on him.
      32 a light for revelation to the nations, and the glory of your people Israel."

      Luc 4

      25 But truly I tell you, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land.

      Luc 7

      9 When Jesus heard these things, he marveled at him, and turned and said to the multitude who followed him, "I tell you, I have not found such great faith, no, not in Israel."
      30 But the Pharisees and the lawyers rejected the counsel of God, not being baptized by him themselves.

      Luc 11

      6 for a friend of mine has come to me from a journey, and I have nothing to set before him,'

      Luc 22

      30 that you may eat and drink at my table in my Kingdom. You will sit on thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel."

      Luc 24

      21 But we were hoping that it was he who would redeem Israel. Yes, and besides all this, it is now the third day since these things happened.

      Jean 1

      11 He came to his own, and those who were his own didn't receive him.
      45 Philip found Nathanael, and said to him, "We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, wrote: Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph."
      46 Nathanael said to him, "Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?" Philip said to him, "Come and see."
      47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and said about him, "Behold, an Israelite indeed, in whom is no deceit!"
      49 Nathanael answered him, "Rabbi, you are the Son of God! You are King of Israel!"
      51 He said to him, "Most certainly, I tell you, hereafter you will see heaven opened, and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man."

      Jean 3

      10 Jesus answered him, "Are you the teacher of Israel, and don't understand these things?

      Jean 6

      42 They said, "Isn't this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? How then does he say, 'I have come down out of heaven?'"

      Jean 12

      13 they took the branches of the palm trees, and went out to meet him, and cried out, "Hosanna ! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord, the King of Israel!"

      Actes 13

      16 Paul stood up, and beckoning with his hand said, "Men of Israel, and you who fear God, listen.

      Actes 16

      1 He came to Derbe and Lystra: and behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timothy, the son of a Jewess who believed; but his father was a Greek.
      2 The brothers who were at Lystra and Iconium gave a good testimony about him.
      3 Paul wanted to have him go out with him, and he took and circumcised him because of the Jews who were in those parts; for they all knew that his father was a Greek.
      4 As they went on their way through the cities, they delivered the decrees to them to keep which had been ordained by the apostles and elders who were at Jerusalem.
      5 So the assemblies were strengthened in the faith, and increased in number daily.
      6 When they had gone through the region of Phrygia and Galatia, they were forbidden by the Holy Spirit to speak the word in Asia.
      7 When they had come opposite Mysia, they tried to go into Bithynia, but the Spirit didn't allow them.
      8 Passing by Mysia, they came down to Troas.
      9 A vision appeared to Paul in the night. There was a man of Macedonia standing, begging him, and saying, "Come over into Macedonia and help us."
      10 When he had seen the vision, immediately we sought to go out to Macedonia, concluding that the Lord had called us to preach the Good News to them.
      11 Setting sail therefore from Troas, we made a straight course to Samothrace, and the day following to Neapolis;
      12 and from there to Philippi, which is a city of Macedonia, the foremost of the district, a Roman colony. We were staying some days in this city.
      13 On the Sabbath day we went forth outside of the city by a riverside, where we supposed there was a place of prayer, and we sat down, and spoke to the women who had come together.
      14 A certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, one who worshiped God, heard us; whose heart the Lord opened to listen to the things which were spoken by Paul.
      15 When she and her household were baptized, she begged us, saying, "If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and stay." So she persuaded us.
      16 It happened, as we were going to prayer, that a certain girl having a spirit of divination met us, who brought her masters much gain by fortune telling.
      17 Following Paul and us, she cried out, "These men are servants of the Most High God, who proclaim to us a way of salvation!"
      18 She was doing this for many days. But Paul, becoming greatly annoyed, turned and said to the spirit, "I command you in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her!" It came out that very hour.
      19 But when her masters saw that the hope of their gain was gone, they seized Paul and Silas, and dragged them into the marketplace before the rulers.
      20 When they had brought them to the magistrates, they said, "These men, being Jews, are agitating our city,
      21 and set forth customs which it is not lawful for us to accept or to observe, being Romans."
      22 The multitude rose up together against them, and the magistrates tore their clothes off of them, and commanded them to be beaten with rods.
      23 When they had laid many stripes on them, they threw them into prison, charging the jailer to keep them safely,
      24 who, having received such a command, threw them into the inner prison, and secured their feet in the stocks.
      25 But about midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the prisoners were listening to them.
      26 Suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken; and immediately all the doors were opened, and everyone's bonds were loosened.
      27 The jailer, being roused out of sleep and seeing the prison doors open, drew his sword and was about to kill himself, supposing that the prisoners had escaped.
      28 But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, "Don't harm yourself, for we are all here!"
      29 He called for lights and sprang in, and, fell down trembling before Paul and Silas,
      30 and brought them out and said, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?"
      31 They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and you will be saved, you and your household."
      32 They spoke the word of the Lord to him, and to all who were in his house.
      33 He took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes, and was immediately baptized, he and all his household.
      34 He brought them up into his house, and set food before them, and rejoiced greatly, with all his household, having believed in God.
      35 But when it was day, the magistrates sent the sergeants, saying, "Let those men go."
      36 The jailer reported these words to Paul, saying, "The magistrates have sent to let you go; now therefore come out, and go in peace."
      37 But Paul said to them, "They have beaten us publicly, without a trial, men who are Romans, and have cast us into prison! Do they now release us secretly? No, most certainly, but let them come themselves and bring us out!"
      38 The sergeants reported these words to the magistrates, and they were afraid when they heard that they were Romans,
      39 and they came and begged them. When they had brought them out, they asked them to depart from the city.
      40 They went out of the prison, and entered into Lydia's house. When they had seen the brothers, they encouraged them, and departed.

      Romains 9

      3 For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brothers' sake, my relatives according to the flesh,

      Romains 11

      1 I ask then, did God reject his people? May it never be! For I also am an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin.
      25 For I don't desire you to be ignorant, brothers, of this mystery, so that you won't be wise in your own conceits, that a partial hardening has happened to Israel, until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in,

      Galates 6

      16 As many as walk by this rule, peace and mercy be on them, and on God's Israel.

      Ephésiens 2

      11 Therefore remember that once you, the Gentiles in the flesh, who are called "uncircumcision" by that which is called "circumcision," (in the flesh, made by hands);
      12 that you were at that time separate from Christ, alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of the promise, having no hope and without God in the world.
      13 But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off are made near in the blood of Christ.
      14 For he is our peace, who made both one, and broke down the middle wall of partition,
      15 having abolished in the flesh the hostility, the law of commandments contained in ordinances, that he might create in himself one new man of the two, making peace;
      16 and might reconcile them both in one body to God through the cross, having killed the hostility thereby.
      17 He came and preached peace to you who were far off and to those who were near.
      18 For through him we both have our access in one Spirit to the Father.
      19 So then you are no longer strangers and foreigners, but you are fellow citizens with the saints, and of the household of God,
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