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LAZARE

(abrév. d'Éléazar =Dieu a aidé).

1.

Le pauvre de la parabole (Lu 16:9-31).

C'est le seul personnage d'une parabole que Jésus ait désigné d'un nom propre. Comment ne pas voir une intention dans le choix de ce nom ? (Déjà dans l'histoire des Macchabées, le nom d'Eléazar était devenu le mot d'ordre du combat libérateur : « l'aide de Dieu ») (2Ma 8:23). Si donc Lazare est transporté au ciel, n'est-ce pas pour avoir trouvé en « Dieu son aide » ? Désormais il vivra « dans le sein d'Abraham » (le père des croyants), image, pour le Juif, de la plus haute félicité (voir Sein, 5, b)

Quant au riche, il reçoit le salaire de sa dureté, lui qui, luxueusement vêtu et abondamment nourri, n'a pas su voir « à sa porte » ni soulager le pauvre, malade, affamé, « dont les chiens mêmes viennent lécher les ulcères ». Cette parabole ajoute donc à l'entretien de Jésus sur l'argent, non peut-être une condamnation absolue de la richesse, mais un sévère avertissement aux riches : ils ne sont que des administrateurs de Dieu (Lu 16:2) à qui ils doivent rendre un jour des comptes. Dans la seconde partie, Jésus semble, à travers ce que lui montre le présent, entrevoir l'avenir : les plus grands miracles et sa résurrection elle-même convaincront seulement les âmes de bonne volonté, qui ont « écouté Moïse et les prophètes ». D'ailleurs, leurs écrits suffisent (Ils sont si catégoriques !) à prouver que Dieu lui-même condamne toute jouissance égoïste.

Cette parabole, n'apparaît en rien contraire, quant au fond, à l'enseignement général de l'Évangile. Quant à la forme, Jésus s'est toujours appuyé sur les conceptions de son temps et ne dépasse pas plus ici qu'ailleurs les bornes du langage imagé. Certes, il ne faut pas chercher dans les expressions de flamme, grand abîme, tourment, sein d'Abraham, une description précise de l'au-delà : ce serait déformer la pensée de Jésus, dont le but pratique est ailleurs.

Le nom du mendiant Lazare a donné au Moyen âge, à travers le latin Lazarus, le mot populaire de ladre, nom vulgaire des lépreux dont ce personnage biblique a été fait le patron (bien que la parabole n'en fasse point un lépreux, puisqu'il est à demeure en pleine ville), ainsi que la désignation des lazarets, hospices qui furent primitivement des léproseries. On constate d'ailleurs quelque confusion entre les deux personnages bibliques de ce nom ; ainsi, l'ordre hospitalier de Saint-Lazare de Jérusalem, fondé par les croisés au XII° siècle pour assister les lépreux et les pèlerins, et qui devait toujours avoir pour Grand-Maître un lépreux, reçut plus tard des rois de France une décoration portant l'effigie de Lazare de Béthanie sortant du tombeau.

2.

Le frère de Marthe et Marie, ressuscité par Jésus (Jn 11:1,26 12:1,11).

L'évangéliste semble avoir méthodiquement choisi les épisodes pour nous donner la pensée de son Maître sur les sujets essentiels. Dans cette fresque (Jn 11) traite de la mort et de la résurrection, problème qui a peut-être, de tous, le plus tourmenté les hommes. « Je suis, dit Jésus, la résurrection et la vie... » (lire spécialement (Jn 11:23,26) ; le cours du récit apporte de cette affirmation une preuve typique.

Soulignons d'autre part la place que tient notre récit dans l'enchaînement des faits. Jésus, recherché par les Juifs, vient d'échapper à leurs mains et s'est retiré au delà du Jourdain (Jn 10:40), mais sans abandonner la lutte. Il attend l'occasion favorable pour reparaître, et voici que la maladie de Lazare lui semble une réponse de Dieu (Jn 11:4). Délibérément il laisse s'écouler quelques jours pour que la puissance divine éclate sans conteste possible (Jn 11:15-40,42). Le miracle a lieu devant un grand concours de Juifs et dans des conditions telles qu'on ne peut admettre ni supercherie, ni mort apparente.

Le chap. 12 (Jn 12) nous montre de quel poids pèse cet événement dans le verdict des chefs contre Jésus. Ces quelques remarques suffisent à indiquer combien ce chap. 11 (Jn 11) fait corps avec l'ensemble du 4 e évangile.

L'historicité du récit a été fortement contestée. On s'appuie sur le silence des Synoptiques : comment pouvaient-ils omettre un si considérable événement ? Mais l'argument « du silence », en bonne logique, est de faible valeur. Les Synoptiques passent sous silence le ministère de Jésus en Judée, tandis que le 4 e évangile, en rapportant plusieurs voyages de Jésus à Jérusalem, paraît plus exact, au témoignage même de Matthieu (Mt 23:37) et Luc (Lu 13:34).

D'autre part, les Synoptiques ont des récits de résurrections (fils de la veuve de Naïn, Lu 7:11 ; fillette de Jaïrus, Mr 5:21,43, Lu 8:41 ; et Jésus lui-même) ; indubitablement, d'après eux, Jésus a rappelé des mores à la vie. Jean n'affirme ici rien de plus ; la seule différence serait qu'il a pris dans son récit toutes les précautions pour que nul ne pût, en conscience, croire à autre chose qu'une mort réelle suivie d'une réelle résurrection. On allègue alors que la valeur historique du 4 e évang, reste douteuse : mystique, il se préoccupait avant tout de vérités spirituelles. Grave problème, qui dépasse les limites de cet article (voir Jean, évangile de). Cependant la seule remarque faite ci-dessus au sujet du ministère de Jésus en Judée montre chez Jean, au moins sur certains points, et notamment des points d'histoire, des apports de valeur. Ses affirmations ne peuvent donc être rejetées en bloc ; pour chaque passage la critique doit produire ses preuves, et pour le nôtre, jusqu'ici elles ne paraissent pas convaincantes. Reste, il est vrai, le plus fort argument : un tel miracle est inconcevable car il reste scientifiquement impossible qu'une cellule organique, en voie de décomposition, à plus forte raison un organisme, puisse reprendre constitution normale et vie. A quoi l'on répondra : la science n'a pas le droit d'affirmer une impossibilité, car elle constate des faits. Si le fait de la résurrection de Lazare a été parfaitement constaté, la science doit l'enregistrer. Rejeter le fait parce qu'inconcevable constitue une erreur de méthode, contraire à l'esprit scientifique.

Le chrétien qui constate dans sa vie et dans le monde la puissance divine dira avec Jésus : « A Dieu, rien d'impossible ! » car tout le christianisme repose sur cette affimation en même temps qu'il en apporte la preuve. Aussi, devant l'importance donnée par Jean à ce récit, telle que nous l'avons soulignée plus haut, le croyant accepte-t-il le miracle, non peut-être sans quelque résistance de sa raison (comme Marthe (Jn 11:39)), mais certain au fond de lui-même de la toute-puissance de son Maître (Jn 11:21,32). Il peut alors et sans réserve saisir toute la richesse spirituelle de ce passage. : puissance de la foi en Dieu, autorité salvatrice du Christ, jusque sur la mort, promesses de vie éternelle pour tous ceux qui s'attendent à Lui, toutes affirmations qui se trouvent si naturellement enchaînées les unes aux autres.

Parmi les traditions légendaires relatives à Lazare, rappelons celle qui lui attribue ainsi qu'à Marthe et Marie l'introduction du christianisme à Marseille et dans la basse région du Rhône (voir Gaule, 3). J. -P. B.

Révision Yves Petrakian 2005

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      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Lévitique 12

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If a woman conceives, and bears a male child, then she shall be unclean seven days; as in the days of her monthly period she shall be unclean.
      3 In the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised.
      4 She shall continue in the blood of purification thirty-three days. She shall not touch any holy thing, nor come into the sanctuary, until the days of her purifying are completed.
      5 But if she bears a female child, then she shall be unclean two weeks, as in her period; and she shall continue in the blood of purification sixty-six days.
      6 "'When the days of her purification are completed, for a son, or for a daughter, she shall bring to the priest at the door of the Tent of Meeting, a year old lamb for a burnt offering, and a young pigeon, or a turtledove, for a sin offering:
      7 and he shall offer it before Yahweh, and make atonement for her; and she shall be cleansed from the fountain of her blood. "'This is the law for her who bears, whether a male or a female.
      8 If she cannot afford a lamb, then she shall take two turtledoves, or two young pigeons; the one for a burnt offering, and the other for a sin offering: and the priest shall make atonement for her, and she shall be clean.'"

      Matthieu 23

      37 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I would have gathered your children together, even as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you would not!

      Marc 5

      21 When Jesus had crossed back over in the boat to the other side, a great multitude was gathered to him; and he was by the sea.
      43 He strictly ordered them that no one should know this, and commanded that something should be given to her to eat.

      Luc 7

      11 It happened soon afterwards, that he went to a city called Nain. Many of his disciples, along with a great multitude, went with him.

      Luc 8

      41 Behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of the synagogue. He fell down at Jesus' feet, and begged him to come into his house,

      Luc 13

      34 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, like a hen gathers her own brood under her wings, and you refused!

      Luc 16

      2 He called him, and said to him, 'What is this that I hear about you? Give an accounting of your management, for you can no longer be manager.'
      9 I tell you, make for yourselves friends by means of unrighteous mammon, so that when you fail, they may receive you into the eternal tents.
      10 He who is faithful in a very little is faithful also in much. He who is dishonest in a very little is also dishonest in much.
      11 If therefore you have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?
      12 If you have not been faithful in that which is another's, who will give you that which is your own?
      13 No servant can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to one, and despise the other. You aren't able to serve God and mammon ."
      14 The Pharisees, who were lovers of money, also heard all these things, and they scoffed at him.
      15 He said to them, "You are those who justify yourselves in the sight of men, but God knows your hearts. For that which is exalted among men is an abomination in the sight of God.
      16 The law and the prophets were until John. From that time the Good News of the Kingdom of God is preached, and everyone is forcing his way into it.
      17 But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away, than for one tiny stroke of a pen in the law to fall.
      18 Everyone who divorces his wife, and marries another, commits adultery. He who marries one who is divorced from a husband commits adultery.
      19 "Now there was a certain rich man, and he was clothed in purple and fine linen, living in luxury every day.
      20 A certain beggar, named Lazarus, was laid at his gate, full of sores,
      21 and desiring to be fed with the crumbs that fell from the rich man's table. Yes, even the dogs came and licked his sores.
      22 It happened that the beggar died, and that he was carried away by the angels to Abraham's bosom. The rich man also died, and was buried.
      23 In Hades , he lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and saw Abraham far off, and Lazarus at his bosom.
      24 He cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue! For I am in anguish in this flame.'
      25 "But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that you, in your lifetime, received your good things, and Lazarus, in the same way, bad things. But now here he is comforted and you are in anguish.
      26 Besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, that those who want to pass from here to you are not able, and that none may cross over from there to us.'
      27 "He said, 'I ask you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house;
      28 for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, so they won't also come into this place of torment.'
      29 "But Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets. Let them listen to them.'
      30 "He said, 'No, father Abraham, but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'
      31 "He said to him, 'If they don't listen to Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded if one rises from the dead.'"

      Jean 10

      40 He went away again beyond the Jordan into the place where John was baptizing at first, and there he stayed.

      Jean 11

      1 Now a certain man was sick, Lazarus from Bethany, of the village of Mary and her sister, Martha.
      2 It was that Mary who had anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother, Lazarus, was sick.
      3 The sisters therefore sent to him, saying, "Lord, behold, he for whom you have great affection is sick."
      4 But when Jesus heard it, he said, "This sickness is not to death, but for the glory of God, that God's Son may be glorified by it."
      5 Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus.
      6 When therefore he heard that he was sick, he stayed two days in the place where he was.
      7 Then after this he said to the disciples, "Let's go into Judea again."
      8 The disciples told him, "Rabbi, the Jews were just trying to stone you, and are you going there again?"
      9 Jesus answered, "Aren't there twelve hours of daylight? If a man walks in the day, he doesn't stumble, because he sees the light of this world.
      10 But if a man walks in the night, he stumbles, because the light isn't in him."
      11 He said these things, and after that, he said to them, "Our friend, Lazarus, has fallen asleep, but I am going so that I may awake him out of sleep."
      12 The disciples therefore said, "Lord, if he has fallen asleep, he will recover."
      13 Now Jesus had spoken of his death, but they thought that he spoke of taking rest in sleep.
      14 So Jesus said to them plainly then, "Lazarus is dead.
      15 I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, so that you may believe. Nevertheless, let's go to him."
      16 Thomas therefore, who is called Didymus, said to his fellow disciples, "Let's go also, that we may die with him."
      17 So when Jesus came, he found that he had been in the tomb four days already.
      18 Now Bethany was near Jerusalem, about fifteen stadia away.
      19 Many of the Jews had joined the women around Martha and Mary, to console them concerning their brother.
      20 Then when Martha heard that Jesus was coming, she went and met him, but Mary stayed in the house.
      21 Therefore Martha said to Jesus, "Lord, if you would have been here, my brother wouldn't have died.
      22 Even now I know that, whatever you ask of God, God will give you."
      23 Jesus said to her, "Your brother will rise again."
      24 Martha said to him, "I know that he will rise again in the resurrection at the last day."
      25 Jesus said to her, "I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will still live, even if he dies.
      26 Whoever lives and believes in me will never die. Do you believe this?"
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