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MÉDIE

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Le Croissant des civilisations primitives Voir Atlas 12

Le royaume de Médie est la partie N. -O. de l'Iran, à l'Est de l'Assyrie et au Nord de l'Élam. Ses deux capitales étaient Ragau (Jug 1:5-15), ou le Raguès (voir ce mot) de Tob 1:14 5:5, et Ecbatane (Esd 6:2, Jug 1:1 et suivants, Tob 14:12,14).

La couche dominante de la population était aryenne (Iranienne) : Madaï (l'ancêtre éponyme légendaire des Mèdes) est fils de Japhet (Ge 10:2,1Ch 1:5) ; les noms propres des Mèdes, dans les sources assyriennes et classiques, sont iraniens.

A l'époque assyrienne la Médie était divisée en petites principautés, et elle fut attaquée successivement par Salmanasar III (835 av. J. -C), par Shamshi-Adad V (822), Sémiramis (810), Adad-Nirari III (801, 795, 790, 787), Téglath-Phalasar III (737), Sargon (716). A part quelques révoltes locales, la Médie resta tributaire de Sennachérib, d'Assarhaddon, et d'Assourbanipal, de 705 à 626. La fondation du royaume mède n'est possible qu'après cette période. La liste de neuf rois (dont le premier, Arbacès, aurait détruit Ninive en 880), compilée par Ctésias (d'après Diodore, II, 31:5 et suivants), est donc purement imaginaire. Même Hérodote (I, 95ss), qui nomme quatre rois (Déjocès, Phraorte, Cyaxare, Astyage) qui auraient régné de 699 à 550, place l'indépendance de la Médie (710) beaucoup trop tôt. Ces quatre rois sont néanmoins des personnages historiques (le premier fut emmené captif par Sargon en 715), mais les deux derniers seulement furent réellement à la tête d'un empire. Cyaxare et son allié Nabopolassar (le fils de ce dernier, Nabouchodonosor, épousa la fille de Cyaxare) prirent Ninive en 612 (cf. Na 2-3, Tob 14:14) et se partagèrent l'empire assyrien.

La puissance de l'empire de Médie fondé en 612 était si grande que quelques prophètes de l'exil (Esa 13:17-22 21:2 Jer 51:11,28, 25:25 Da 5:28-31 8:20 9:1 11:1) supposaient qu'il mettrait fin à l'empire néo-babylonien (caldéen) des successeurs de Nabouchodonosor. En réalité, Cyrus, en 550, déposa Astyage et la Médie devint désormais une des satrapies de l'empire perse. Salmanasar V (ou plutôt Sargon), après la prise de Samarie (722), déporta des Israélites dans les villes des Mèdes (2Ro 17:8 18:11). Les Mèdes et les Perses sont nommés dans Est 1:3 14 18 10:2 Da 6:8,12-15, cf. Ac 2:9. R. -H. Pf.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 10

      2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.

      Juges 1

      1 It happened after the death of Joshua, the children of Israel asked of Yahweh, saying, "Who should go up for us first against the Canaanites, to fight against them?"
      5 They found Adoni-Bezek in Bezek; and they fought against him, and they struck the Canaanites and the Perizzites.
      6 But Adoni-Bezek fled; and they pursued after him, and caught him, and cut off his thumbs and his great toes.
      7 Adoni-Bezek said, "Seventy kings, having their thumbs and their great toes cut off, scavenged under my table: as I have done, so God has requited me." They brought him to Jerusalem, and he died there.
      8 The children of Judah fought against Jerusalem, and took it, and struck it with the edge of the sword, and set the city on fire.
      9 Afterward the children of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in the hill country, and in the South, and in the lowland.
      10 Judah went against the Canaanites who lived in Hebron (now the name of Hebron before was Kiriath Arba); and they struck Sheshai, and Ahiman, and Talmai.
      11 From there he went against the inhabitants of Debir. (Now the name of Debir before was Kiriath Sepher.)
      12 Caleb said, "He who strikes Kiriath Sepher, and takes it, to him will I give Achsah my daughter as wife."
      13 Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother, took it: and he gave him Achsah his daughter as wife.
      14 It happened, when she came, that she got him to ask her father for a field: and she alighted from off her donkey; and Caleb said to her, "What would you like?"
      15 She said to him, "Give me a blessing; for that you have set me in the land of the South, give me also springs of water." Then Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.

      1 Chroniques 1

      5 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.

      Esdras 6

      2 There was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of Media, a scroll, and therein was thus written for a record:

      Esther 1

      3 in the third year of his reign, he made a feast for all his princes and his servants; the power of Persia and Media, the nobles and princes of the provinces, being before him.
      14 and the next to him were Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and Media, who saw the king's face, and sat first in the kingdom),
      18 Today, the princesses of Persia and Media who have heard of the queen's deed will tell all the king's princes. This will cause much contempt and wrath.

      Esther 10

      2 All the acts of his power and of his might, and the full account of the greatness of Mordecai, to which the king advanced him, aren't they written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia?

      Esaïe 13

      17 Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them, who will not value silver, and as for gold, they will not delight in it.
      18 Their bows will dash the young men in pieces; and they shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb. Their eyes will not spare children.
      19 Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldeans' pride, will be like when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.
      20 It will never be inhabited, neither will it be lived in from generation to generation. The Arabian will not pitch a tent there, neither will shepherds make their flocks lie down there.
      21 But wild animals of the desert will lie there, and their houses will be full of jackals. Ostriches will dwell there, and wild goats will frolic there.
      22 Wolves will cry in their castles, and jackals in the pleasant palaces. Her time is near to come, and her days will not be prolonged.

      Esaïe 21

      2 A grievous vision is declared to me. The treacherous man deals treacherously, and the destroyer destroys. Go up, Elam; attack! I have stopped all of Media's sighing.

      Jérémie 25

      25 and all the kings of Zimri, and all the kings of Elam, and all the kings of the Medes;

      Jérémie 51

      11 Make sharp the arrows; hold firm the shields: Yahweh has stirred up the spirit of the kings of the Medes; because his purpose is against Babylon, to destroy it: for it is the vengeance of Yahweh, the vengeance of his temple.
      28 Prepare against her the nations, the kings of the Medes, its governors, and all its deputies, and all the land of their dominion.

      Daniel 5

      28 PERES; your kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians.
      29 Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with purple, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom.
      30 In that night Belshazzar the Chaldean King was slain.
      31 Darius the Mede received the kingdom, being about sixty-two years old.

      Daniel 6

      8 Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it not be changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which doesn't alter.
      12 Then they came near, and spoke before the king concerning the king's decree: Haven't you signed an decree, that every man who shall make petition to any god or man within thirty days, except to you, O king, shall be cast into the den of lions? The king answered, The thing is true, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which doesn't alter.

      Daniel 8

      20 The ram which you saw, that had the two horns, they are the kings of Media and Persia.

      Daniel 9

      1 In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, who was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans,

      Daniel 11

      1 "As for me, in the first year of Darius the Mede, I stood up to confirm and strengthen him.

      Nahum 2

      1 He who dashes in pieces has come up against you. Keep the fortress! Watch the way! Strengthen your waist! Fortify your power mightily!
      2 For Yahweh restores the excellency of Jacob, as the excellency of Israel; for the destroyers have destroyed them, and ruined their vine branches.
      3 The shield of his mighty men is made red. The valiant men are in scarlet. The chariots flash with steel in the day of his preparation, and the pine spears are brandished.
      4 The chariots rage in the streets. They rush back and forth in the broad ways. Their appearance is like torches. They run like the lightnings.
      5 He summons his picked troops. They stumble on their way. They dash to its wall, and the protective shield is put in place.
      6 The gates of the rivers are opened, and the palace is dissolved.
      7 It is decreed: she is uncovered, she is carried away; and her handmaids moan as with the voice of doves, beating on their breasts.
      8 But Nineveh has been from of old like a pool of water, yet they flee away. "Stop! Stop!" they cry, but no one looks back.
      9 Take the spoil of silver. Take the spoil of gold, for there is no end of the store, the glory of all goodly furniture.
      10 She is empty, void, and waste. The heart melts, the knees knock together, their bodies and faces have grown pale.
      11 Where is the den of the lions, and the feeding place of the young lions, where the lion and the lioness walked, the lion's cubs, and no one made them afraid?
      12 The lion tore in pieces enough for his cubs, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his caves with the kill, and his dens with prey.
      13 "Behold, I am against you," says Yahweh of Armies, "and I will burn her chariots in the smoke, and the sword will devour your young lions; and I will cut off your prey from the earth, and the voice of your messengers will no longer be heard."

      Nahum 3

      1 Woe to the bloody city! It is all full of lies and robbery. The prey doesn't depart.
      2 The noise of the whip, the noise of the rattling of wheels, prancing horses, and bounding chariots,
      3 the horseman mounting, and the flashing sword, the glittering spear, and a multitude of slain, and a great heap of corpses, and there is no end of the bodies. They stumble on their bodies,
      4 because of the multitude of the prostitution of the alluring prostitute, the mistress of witchcraft, who sells nations through her prostitution, and families through her witchcraft.
      5 "Behold, I am against you," says Yahweh of Armies, "and I will lift your skirts over your face. I will show the nations your nakedness, and the kingdoms your shame.
      6 I will throw abominable filth on you, and make you vile, and will set you a spectacle.
      7 It will happen that all those who look at you will flee from you, and say, 'Nineveh is laid waste! Who will mourn for her?' Where will I seek comforters for you?"
      8 Are you better than No-Amon, who was situated among the rivers, who had the waters around her; whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was of the sea?
      9 Cush and Egypt were her boundless strength. Put and Libya were her helpers.
      10 Yet was she carried away. She went into captivity. Her young children also were dashed in pieces at the head of all the streets, and they cast lots for her honorable men, and all her great men were bound in chains.
      11 You also will be drunken. You will be hidden. You also will seek a stronghold because of the enemy.
      12 All your fortresses will be like fig trees with the first-ripe figs: if they are shaken, they fall into the mouth of the eater.
      13 Behold, your troops in your midst are women. The gates of your land are set wide open to your enemies. The fire has devoured your bars.
      14 Draw water for the siege. Strengthen your fortresses. Go into the clay, and tread the mortar. Make the brick kiln strong.
      15 There the fire will devour you. The sword will cut you off. It will devour you like the grasshopper. Multiply like grasshoppers. Multiply like the locust.
      16 You have increased your merchants more than the stars of the skies. The grasshopper strips, and flees away.
      17 Your guards are like the locusts, and your officials like the swarms of locusts, which settle on the walls on a cold day, but when the sun appears, they flee away, and their place is not known where they are.
      18 Your shepherds slumber, king of Assyria. Your nobles lie down. Your people are scattered on the mountains, and there is no one to gather them.
      19 There is no healing your wound, for your injury is fatal. All who hear the report of you clap their hands over you; for who hasn't felt your endless cruelty?

      Actes 2

      9 Parthians, Medes, Elamites, and people from Mesopotamia, Judea, Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia,
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