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MIEL

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C'était un aliment très apprécié des Israélites (Jug 14:18,2Sa 17:28, Sir 11:3 39:26) ; le moraliste en déconseille même l'abus (Pr 25:16,27).

Il doit avoir été abondant dans un pays où, selon une locution populaire, « ruisselaient le lait et le miel » (Ex 3:17, No 14:8, Jer 11:5 32:22, Sir 46:8) ; on en faisait présent aux étrangers comme de l'une des meilleures productions du pays (Ge 43:11) et l'on en récoltait assez pour pouvoir en exporter (Eze 27:17). Toutefois, certains auteurs pensent qu'il faut traduire raisiné et y voir un produit de la vigne (voir Vin). En effet, l'élevage des abeilles (voir ce mot) ne paraît avoir été connu que tard, la Mischna seule en faisant mention ; peut-être y est-il fait aussi allusion dans Esa 7:18, où le prophète compare l'Éternel à un apiculteur qui appelle ses abeilles en sifflant, et dans Ca S 1, où le miel figure parmi les produits du jardin.

Le miel sauvage était recueilli dans les anfractuosités des rochers (De 32:13, Ps 81:16), dans les forêts (1Sa 14:25-29), ou même dans les carcasses d'animaux gisant dans la campagne (Jug 14:8 et suivant). On le conservait dans des récipients spéciaux, probablement des cruches en terre (1Ro 14:3). Le sucre étant chose inconnue, le miel en tenait lieu et entrait dans la confection de la pâtisserie et de certains mets (Ex 16:31). Il était le complément d'un repas frugal et se mangeait, par exemple, avec les sauterelles et le poisson (Mr 16, Mt 3:4, Lu 24:42).

Le code rituel admettait que le miel fût présenté au sanctuaire comme offrande de prémices (Le 2:12,2Ch 31:5), mais il en excluait formellement l'emploi dans les oblations à consumer sur l'autel (Le 2:11), le miel étant assimilé au levain et considéré, sinon comme un ferment, du moins comme une substance fermentée ou fermentescible et par conséquent impropre à consécration cérémoniale.

Le miel sert souvent de terme de comparaison pour évoquer la douceur : (Jug 14:14,18) de la manne (Ex 16:31), des paroles agréables (Pr 16:24), de l'enseignement (Pr 24:13 et suivant), de la Loi de Dieu (Ps 19:11 119:103), de Son message confié au prophète (Eze 3:3), de la sagesse (Sir 24:20), etc. Ch. K.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 43

      11 Their father, Israel, said to them, "If it must be so, then do this. Take from the choice fruits of the land in your bags, and carry down a present for the man, a little balm, a little honey, spices and myrrh, nuts, and almonds;

      Exode 3

      17 and I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, to a land flowing with milk and honey."'

      Exode 16

      31 The house of Israel called its name Manna, and it was like coriander seed, white; and its taste was like wafers with honey.

      Lévitique 2

      11 "'No meal offering, which you shall offer to Yahweh, shall be made with yeast; for you shall burn no yeast, nor any honey, as an offering made by fire to Yahweh.
      12 As an offering of firstfruits you shall offer them to Yahweh: but they shall not ascend for a pleasant aroma on the altar.

      Nombres 14

      8 If Yahweh delights in us, then he will bring us into this land, and give it to us; a land which flows with milk and honey.

      Juges 14

      8 After a while he returned to take her; and he turned aside to see the carcass of the lion: and behold, there was a swarm of bees in the body of the lion, and honey.
      14 He said to them, "Out of the eater came forth food. Out of the strong came forth sweetness." They couldn't in three days declare the riddle.
      18 The men of the city said to him on the seventh day before the sun went down, "What is sweeter than honey? What is stronger than a lion?" He said to them, "If you hadn't plowed with my heifer, you wouldn't have found out my riddle."

      1 Samuel 14

      25 All the people came into the forest; and there was honey on the ground.
      26 When the people had come to the forest, behold, the honey dropped: but no man put his hand to his mouth; for the people feared the oath.
      27 But Jonathan didn't hear when his father commanded the people with the oath: therefore he put forth the end of the rod who was in his hand, and dipped it in the honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.
      28 Then one of the people answered, and said, "Your father directly commanded the people with an oath, saying, 'Cursed is the man who eats food this day.'" The people were faint.
      29 Then Jonathan said, "My father has troubled the land. Please look how my eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey.

      2 Samuel 17

      28 brought beds, basins, earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans, lentils, roasted grain,

      2 Chroniques 31

      5 As soon as the commandment came abroad, the children of Israel gave in abundance the first fruits of grain, new wine, and oil, and honey, and of all the increase of the field; and the tithe of all things brought they in abundantly.

      Psaumes 19

      11 Moreover by them is your servant warned. In keeping them there is great reward.

      Psaumes 81

      16 But he would have also fed them with the finest of the wheat. I will satisfy you with honey out of the rock."

      Psaumes 119

      103 How sweet are your promises to my taste, more than honey to my mouth!

      Proverbes 16

      24 Pleasant words are a honeycomb, sweet to the soul, and health to the bones.

      Proverbes 24

      13 My son, eat honey, for it is good; the droppings of the honeycomb, which are sweet to your taste:

      Proverbes 25

      16 Have you found honey? Eat as much as is sufficient for you, lest you eat too much, and vomit it.
      27 It is not good to eat much honey; nor is it honorable to seek one's own honor.

      Esaïe 7

      18 It will happen in that day that Yahweh will whistle for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt, and for the bee that is in the land of Assyria.

      Jérémie 11

      5 that I may establish the oath which I swore to your fathers, to give them a land flowing with milk and honey, as at this day. Then answered I, and said, Amen, Yahweh.

      Jérémie 32

      22 and gave them this land, which you swore to their fathers to give them, a land flowing with milk and honey;

      Ezéchiel 3

      3 He said to me, Son of man, cause your belly to eat, and fill your bowels with this scroll that I give you. Then I ate it; and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth.

      Ezéchiel 27

      17 Judah, and the land of Israel, they were your traffickers: they traded for your merchandise wheat of Minnith, and confections, and honey, and oil, and balm.

      Matthieu 3

      4 Now John himself wore clothing made of camel's hair, with a leather belt around his waist. His food was locusts and wild honey.

      Marc 16

      1 When the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, bought spices, that they might come and anoint him.
      2 Very early on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen.
      3 They were saying among themselves, "Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?"
      4 for it was very big. Looking up, they saw that the stone was rolled back.
      5 Entering into the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, dressed in a white robe, and they were amazed.
      6 He said to them, "Don't be amazed. You seek Jesus, the Nazarene, who has been crucified. He has risen. He is not here. Behold, the place where they laid him!
      7 But go, tell his disciples and Peter, 'He goes before you into Galilee. There you will see him, as he said to you.'"
      8 They went out, and fled from the tomb, for trembling and astonishment had come on them. They said nothing to anyone; for they were afraid.
      9 Now when he had risen early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons.
      10 She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept.
      11 When they heard that he was alive, and had been seen by her, they disbelieved.
      12 After these things he was revealed in another form to two of them, as they walked, on their way into the country.
      13 They went away and told it to the rest. They didn't believe them, either.
      14 Afterward he was revealed to the eleven themselves as they sat at the table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they didn't believe those who had seen him after he had risen.
      15 He said to them, "Go into all the world, and preach the Good News to the whole creation.
      16 He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who disbelieves will be condemned.
      17 These signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will cast out demons; they will speak with new languages;
      18 they will take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it will in no way hurt them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover."
      19 So then the Lord , after he had spoken to them, was received up into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of God.
      20 They went out, and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word by the signs that followed. Amen.

      Luc 24

      42 They gave him a piece of a broiled fish and some honeycomb.
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