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PASSION

Grec pathos, de paskheïn =souffrir. De cette étymologie, le langage de l'Église a tiré, directement, l'expression : la Passion du Christ (lat. passio) pour caractériser les souffrances subies par Jésus-Christ au cours de la Semaine sainte (voir Jésus-Christ, parag. III). --Dans le langage courant, passion (au singulier) indique l'ardeur d'un sentiment, d'une opinion : avoir la passion de la liberté, la passion des voyages. --En philosophie, passions (au pluriel) désigne ceux de nos mouvements de sensibilité, celles de nos affections qui troublent notre jugement, nous ôtent la maîtrise de nous-mêmes et nous portent impérieusement hors des conseils de notre raison, des ordres de notre conscience, voire même des intérêts de nos instincts naturels. Depuis le temps de Platon et Aristote, on distingue deux ordres de passions, celles qui surexcitent nos désirs, qui développent de façon disproportionnée nos penchants, et celles qui nous poussent à réagir contre tout ce qui gêne l'élan de nos convoitises. Nos passions sont donc, ou de concupiscence (gr. épithumia) ou de colère (gr. thumos). Au premier ordre appartient l'amour égoïste, insatiable, sensuel, avec tout un cortège de passions dérivées, la luxure, la gourmandise, l'ivrognerie, etc. La passion de l'argent produit l'avarice ; la passion du pouvoir s'exaspère dans l'ambition déréglée, etc. Au second ordre appartient la haine ou les diverses manières de haïr : la vengeance, l'envie, l'orgueil, la jalousie, l'intolérance, le fanatisme, etc. Lorsque Descartes croit donner toute la liste des passions en y comprenant la joie, la tristesse, la crainte, l'espérance, l'admiration, il méconnaît le caractère essentiel de ces divers sentiments qui est de n'exister qu'en raison d'une autre affection. On croit, on espère, on admire, on est heureux ou malheureux, parce que le coeur est déjà possédé par un amour ou une haine qui nous rend incapables de tout désintéressement, voire de toute liberté. La passion est un déchaînement ; on ne raisonne pas avec elle. Dirons-nous qu'elle est naturelle à l'homme, qu'elle fait partie de ses instincts ? Non. Elle se sert de la nature, mais parfois aussi elle la contredit et la ruine ; elle dirige, elle galvanise les instincts, mais dans d'autres cas elle les heurte et les contredit. Elle apparaît en nous plutôt comme une inspiration du dehors qui s'empare de notre être, semble lui procurer les plus vives émotions, les plus intenses jouissances, les plus grands mouvements susceptibles de donner du prix à la vie, mais en réalité les passions dénaturent, dérèglent, épuisent et rendent l'être tout éperdu. « Tout ce qu'il faut de mouvement à la vie sociale, écrit excellemment M me de Staël (Introd, à l'Influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations, pp. 40, 41), tout l'élan nécessaire à la vertu existerait sans ce mobile destructeur. Mais, dira-t-on, c'est à diriger les passions et non à les vaincre qu'il faut consacrer ses efforts. Je n'entends pas comment on dirige ce qui n'existe qu'en dominant... Tous ces traités avec la passion sont purement imaginaires ; elle est, comme les vrais tyrans, sur le trône ou dans les fers. »

Ces diverses considérations nous expliquent l'attitude de la Bible à l'égard des passions ; en même temps la Bible nous éclaire sur l'origine de celles-ci. Dès ses premières pages, l'A. T, nous apprend que l'homme a subi par sa chute (voir ce mot) un réel envoûtement ; qu'il a été asservi par le génie du mal appelé dans le N.T. le « prince de ce monde ». L'infernal suggesteur de Ge 3, que Jésus est venu démasquer et combattre, a répandu son mauvais esprit sur la création de Dieu, il a allumé dans les veines de l'homme une fièvre destructrice, il a insufflé dans son âme les passions, et par les passions (Ro 1:18 et suivants) il a soumis la créature à la loi du péché (Ro 7). Par cette loi, il tente d'arracher la créature au Créateur en annihilant les vertus divines qui font la grandeur de l'homme : la raison, la conscience, la liberté, etc. Son but est de s'emparer définitivement du coeur et de la volonté de la créature. L'antagonisme entre l'esprit saint et l'esprit dépravé (Ro 1:28, cf. 1Co 2:12, Eph 2:2 6:12) est irréductible ; le duel est à mort. Toute la Bible raconte le choc tragique qui fit monter Jésus sur une croix et tomber Satan du ciel comme un éclair (Lu 10:18). Depuis ce drame où Christ affranchissait l'homme de l'esclavage des passions et de la domination de Satan, la vie du chrétien est un combat : « Revêtez-vous de toutes les armes de Dieu... » (Eph 6 : et suivant, cf. 1Pi 5:8). Que signifie donc l'expression de « nouvel homme » dont l'apôtre se sert pour désigner les rachetés de Jésus-Christ ? Elle désigne la condition de la créature qui, sauvée par grâce, a « crucifié la chair avec ses passions » (Ga 5:24) et vit par l'Esprit saint dans « la glorieuse liberté des enfants de Dieu » (Ro 8:21). Ce que ne pouvaient faire ni la volonté de l'homme naturel (voir Chair), ni les vertus de la Loi, Jésus l'a fait par sa rédemption et la régénération spirituelle qu'il accorde aux croyants (Jn 3, Ro 8). Dès lors l'empire des passions est brisé, le devoir des chrétiens, sanctifiés par l'esprit de Dieu, est de vivre comme des êtres qui- sont « ressuscités avec Christ », « attachés aux choses qui sont en haut », « car vous êtes morts et votre vie est cachée avec Christ en Dieu » (Col 3:3). Cette doctrine de l'affranchissement des passions par l'Esprit de Christ, que Paul a tirée directement de l'Évangile de Jésus, (cf. Jn 8:31 et suivants) n'est pas une théorie seulement, c'est une réalité vivante, constante : du brillant Augustin converti par la prédication d'Ambroise à l'obscur alcoolique relevé par les actuels ouvriers de la Croix-Bleue, le cortège des affranchis de la passion a inscrit cette réalité dans l'histoire. Et tous les jours le cortège grossit (Ro 7:24). Alex. W.

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      Genèse 3

      1 Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal of the field which Yahweh God had made. He said to the woman, "Has God really said, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'"
      2 The woman said to the serpent, "Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat,
      3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
      4 The serpent said to the woman, "You won't surely die,
      5 for God knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil."
      6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
      7 The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
      8 They heard the voice of Yahweh God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of Yahweh God among the trees of the garden.
      9 Yahweh God called to the man, and said to him, "Where are you?"
      10 The man said, "I heard your voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself."
      11 God said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?"
      12 The man said, "The woman whom you gave to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate."
      13 Yahweh God said to the woman, "What is this you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent deceived me, and I ate."
      14 Yahweh God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, you are cursed above all livestock, and above every animal of the field. On your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life.
      15 I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you will bruise his heel."
      16 To the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth. In pain you will bear children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you."
      17 To Adam he said, "Because you have listened to your wife's voice, and have eaten of the tree, of which I commanded you, saying, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground for your sake. In toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
      18 It will yield thorns and thistles to you; and you will eat the herb of the field.
      19 By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken. For you are dust, and to dust you shall return."
      20 The man called his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all living.
      21 Yahweh God made coats of skins for Adam and for his wife, and clothed them.
      22 Yahweh God said, "Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand, and also take of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever..."
      23 Therefore Yahweh God sent him out from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken.
      24 So he drove out the man; and he placed Cherubs at the east of the garden of Eden, and the flame of a sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life.

      Luc 10

      18 He said to them, "I saw Satan having fallen like lightning from heaven.

      Jean 3

      1 Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews.
      2 The same came to him by night, and said to him, "Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do, unless God is with him."
      3 Jesus answered him, "Most certainly, I tell you, unless one is born anew, he can't see the Kingdom of God."
      4 Nicodemus said to him, "How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother's womb, and be born?"
      5 Jesus answered, "Most certainly I tell you, unless one is born of water and spirit, he can't enter into the Kingdom of God!
      6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh. That which is born of the Spirit is spirit.
      7 Don't marvel that I said to you, 'You must be born anew.'
      8 The wind blows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don't know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit."
      9 Nicodemus answered him, "How can these things be?"
      10 Jesus answered him, "Are you the teacher of Israel, and don't understand these things?
      11 Most certainly I tell you, we speak that which we know, and testify of that which we have seen, and you don't receive our witness.
      12 If I told you earthly things and you don't believe, how will you believe if I tell you heavenly things?
      13 No one has ascended into heaven, but he who descended out of heaven, the Son of Man, who is in heaven.
      14 As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up,
      15 that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life.
      16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life.
      17 For God didn't send his Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world should be saved through him.
      18 He who believes in him is not judged. He who doesn't believe has been judged already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of God.
      19 This is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; for their works were evil.
      20 For everyone who does evil hates the light, and doesn't come to the light, lest his works would be exposed.
      21 But he who does the truth comes to the light, that his works may be revealed, that they have been done in God."
      22 After these things, Jesus came with his disciples into the land of Judea. He stayed there with them, and baptized.
      23 John also was baptizing in Enon near Salim, because there was much water there. They came, and were baptized.
      24 For John was not yet thrown into prison.
      25 There arose therefore a questioning on the part of John's disciples with some Jews about purification.
      26 They came to John, and said to him, "Rabbi, he who was with you beyond the Jordan, to whom you have testified, behold, the same baptizes, and everyone is coming to him."
      27 John answered, "A man can receive nothing, unless it has been given him from heaven.
      28 You yourselves testify that I said, 'I am not the Christ,' but, 'I have been sent before him.'
      29 He who has the bride is the bridegroom; but the friend of the bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices greatly because of the bridegroom's voice. This, my joy, therefore is made full.
      30 He must increase, but I must decrease.
      31 He who comes from above is above all. He who is from the earth belongs to the earth, and speaks of the earth. He who comes from heaven is above all.
      32 What he has seen and heard, of that he testifies; and no one receives his witness.
      33 He who has received his witness has set his seal to this, that God is true.
      34 For he whom God has sent speaks the words of God; for God gives the Spirit without measure.
      35 The Father loves the Son, and has given all things into his hand.
      36 One who believes in the Son has eternal life, but one who disobeys the Son won't see life, but the wrath of God remains on him."

      Jean 8

      31 Jesus therefore said to those Jews who had believed him, "If you remain in my word, then you are truly my disciples.

      Romains 1

      18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,
      28 Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

      Romains 7

      1 Or don't you know, brothers (for I speak to men who know the law), that the law has dominion over a man for as long as he lives?
      2 For the woman that has a husband is bound by law to the husband while he lives, but if the husband dies, she is discharged from the law of the husband.
      3 So then if, while the husband lives, she is joined to another man, she would be called an adulteress. But if the husband dies, she is free from the law, so that she is no adulteress, though she is joined to another man.
      4 Therefore, my brothers, you also were made dead to the law through the body of Christ, that you would be joined to another, to him who was raised from the dead, that we might bring forth fruit to God.
      5 For when we were in the flesh, the sinful passions which were through the law, worked in our members to bring forth fruit to death.
      6 But now we have been discharged from the law, having died to that in which we were held; so that we serve in newness of the spirit, and not in oldness of the letter.
      7 What shall we say then? Is the law sin? May it never be! However, I wouldn't have known sin, except through the law. For I wouldn't have known coveting, unless the law had said, "You shall not covet."
      8 But sin, finding occasion through the commandment, produced in me all kinds of coveting. For apart from the law, sin is dead.
      9 I was alive apart from the law once, but when the commandment came, sin revived, and I died.
      10 The commandment, which was for life, this I found to be for death;
      11 for sin, finding occasion through the commandment, deceived me, and through it killed me.
      12 Therefore the law indeed is holy, and the commandment holy, and righteous, and good.
      13 Did then that which is good become death to me? May it never be! But sin, that it might be shown to be sin, by working death to me through that which is good; that through the commandment sin might become exceeding sinful.
      14 For we know that the law is spiritual, but I am fleshly, sold under sin.
      15 For I don't know what I am doing. For I don't practice what I desire to do; but what I hate, that I do.
      16 But if what I don't desire, that I do, I consent to the law that it is good.
      17 So now it is no more I that do it, but sin which dwells in me.
      18 For I know that in me, that is, in my flesh, dwells no good thing. For desire is present with me, but I don't find it doing that which is good.
      19 For the good which I desire, I don't do; but the evil which I don't desire, that I practice.
      20 But if what I don't desire, that I do, it is no more I that do it, but sin which dwells in me.
      21 I find then the law, that, to me, while I desire to do good, evil is present.
      22 For I delight in God's law after the inward man,
      23 but I see a different law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity under the law of sin which is in my members.
      24 What a wretched man I am! Who will deliver me out of the body of this death?
      25 I thank God through Jesus Christ, our Lord! So then with the mind, I myself serve God's law, but with the flesh, the sin's law.

      Romains 8

      1 There is therefore now no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus, who don't walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit.
      2 For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus made me free from the law of sin and of death.
      3 For what the law couldn't do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God did, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh;
      4 that the ordinance of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.
      5 For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit.
      6 For the mind of the flesh is death, but the mind of the Spirit is life and peace;
      7 because the mind of the flesh is hostile towards God; for it is not subject to God's law, neither indeed can it be.
      8 Those who are in the flesh can't please God.
      9 But you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if it is so that the Spirit of God dwells in you. But if any man doesn't have the Spirit of Christ, he is not his.
      10 If Christ is in you, the body is dead because of sin, but the spirit is alive because of righteousness.
      11 But if the Spirit of him who raised up Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised up Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit who dwells in you.
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