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PATRIARCHE

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L'Orient biblique au temps de Patriarches Voir Atlas 32

Gr. patriarkhês de patria =descendance, et arkheïn =être le premier. Mot employé dans le N.T. pour désigner les douze fils de Jacob (Ac 7:8), Abraham (Heb 7:4), David. (Ac 2:29) On le retrouve dans 4Ma 7:19 16:25 pour caractériser Abraham, Isaac et Jacob. D'une façon générale, patriarche désigne dans le langage religieux, au sens strict, les ancêtres d'Israël, depuis Abraham jusqu'au séjour en Egypte, et, au sens large, la série des personnages à longévité fabuleuse par qui P, dans ses généalogies (Ge 5 à Ge 11), rattache le peuple élu aux origines de l'humanité : « le patriarche Hénoc », etc.

La science n'a pas eu de peine à se rendre compte que ces listes d'ancêtres ont été inspirées bien moins par des renseignements historiques que par des préoccupations ethniques et des intentions apologétiques, et peut-être aussi des calculs astrologiques, comme c'est le cas chez des peuples voisins. On a retrouvé des listes analogues dans d'autres religions de l'Orient, notamment dans les traditions sumériennes (voir Noé). Déclarer tout net qu'aucune de ces personnalités n'a eu de réalité dans l'histoire, serait mettre ici le scepticisme à la place de l'esprit scientifique. En effet, les récentes découvertes sur territoire sumérien ont révélé que la 1ere dynastie d'Ur, la troisième après le déluge, que l'on croyait fabuleuse, a parfaitement existé et qu'elle a laissé des monuments après elle, « ce qui permet de soupçonner un substratum de faits sous les dates fantaisistes et les noms divins de la période préhistorique » (Woolley, Les Sumériens, p. 38).

Les patriarches de la Genèse qui ont le plus marqué dans le souvenir des hommes sont : Noé, Sem dont le nom est resté pour caractériser une famille humaine, les Sémites, (cf. Ge 10:21 et suivants) Jacob-Israël, d'où la qualification d'Israélite donnée à la nation juive, et surtout Abraham, l'aïeul de Jacob. Sans doute, l'histoire d'Abraham provient de plusieurs sources de valeur historique inégale et dont les plus anciennes sont postérieures de mille à douze cents ans aux faits qu'elles racontent. Par là, nous ne pouvons traiter sa biographie avec les méthodes utilisées aujourd'hui en pareille matière.

Qu'il y ait là, comme dans les récits relatifs à Isaac, Jacob, Esaü, Joseph, des éléments ethniques, des transpositions d'aventures, des amplifications, des tentatives d'expliquer des événements postérieurs relatifs à la tribu par un acte ou une parole qui seraient censés remonter aux grands ancêtres, on ne saurait le contester, et, de ce chef, la plus grande prudence s'impose, pour ce qui est du détail, dans l'usage des récits de la période patriarcale ; ce ne sont point là des archives ordinaires. Mais, dans l'impossibilité où nous sommes d'indiquer les moyens qui ont permis à la Bible de conserver ces traditions anciennes, nous n'avons aucune obligation scientifique de douter de l'historicité des patriarches dont les personnalités ressortent avec un relief qui s'impose et dont bien des traits caractéristiques demeurent rebelles à toute explication ethnique, géographique, cultuelle ou astrale. Le patriarche Abraham, en particulier, se dresse devant nous comme une des figures essentielles de la religion biblique, laquelle est une religion avant tout fondée sur l'histoire.

Bien que le mot « patriarche » ne se retrouve pas dans l'A.T., l'histoire, tant politique que religieuse, renfermée dans l'A. T, ne se comprendrait plus si l'on supprimait de ses livres les pages qui en appellent aux temps patriarcaux (Ex 3:6 15:16 32:13 33:1, No 32:11, De 1:8 6:10 30:20, Ps 47:9 105:9,42, Esa 29:22 63:16, Mic 7:20, Eze 33:24, etc. ; --cf. Mt 3:9 8:11, Lu 13:28 19:9, Jn 8:37 et suivants, Ac 13:26, et pass. dans Rom., Galates, Héb.). Neuf cents ans av. J. -C, les sources primitives de l'histoire patriarcale racontaient que Dieu avait annoncé à Abraham qu'en récompense de sa foi, l'humanité serait bénie en lui et que sa postérité deviendrait aussi nombreuse que les étoiles (Ge 12:2-3 22:17,18).

Aujourd'hui, alors que tous les personnages de ce lointain passé ont cessé depuis des millénaires d'exercer une action quelconque sur les préoccupations des hommes, Abraham est honoré comme le père des croyants par la majorité du genre humain (juifs, chrétiens, musulmans). Voir Térach, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph. Alex. W.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 5

      1 This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, he made him in God's likeness.
      2 He created them male and female, and blessed them, and called their name "Adam," in the day when they were created.
      3 Adam lived one hundred thirty years, and became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth.
      4 The days of Adam after he became the father of Seth were eight hundred years, and he became the father of sons and daughters.
      5 All the days that Adam lived were nine hundred thirty years, then he died.
      6 Seth lived one hundred five years, and became the father of Enosh.
      7 Seth lived after he became the father of Enosh eight hundred seven years, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      8 All the days of Seth were nine hundred twelve years, then he died.
      9 Enosh lived ninety years, and became the father of Kenan.
      10 Enosh lived after he became the father of Kenan, eight hundred fifteen years, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      11 All the days of Enosh were nine hundred five years, then he died.
      12 Kenan lived seventy years, and became the father of Mahalalel.
      13 Kenan lived after he became the father of Mahalalel eight hundred forty years, and became the father of sons and daughters
      14 and all the days of Kenan were nine hundred ten years, then he died.
      15 Mahalalel lived sixty-five years, and became the father of Jared.
      16 Mahalalel lived after he became the father of Jared eight hundred thirty years, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      17 All the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred ninety-five years, then he died.
      18 Jared lived one hundred sixty-two years, and became the father of Enoch.
      19 Jared lived after he became the father of Enoch eight hundred years, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      20 All the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty-two years, then he died.
      21 Enoch lived sixty-five years, and became the father of Methuselah.
      22 Enoch walked with God after he became the father of Methuselah three hundred years, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      23 All the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty-five years.
      24 Enoch walked with God, and he was not, for God took him.
      25 Methuselah lived one hundred eighty-seven years, and became the father of Lamech.
      26 Methuselah lived after he became the father of Lamech seven hundred eighty-two years, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      27 All the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty-nine years, then he died.
      28 Lamech lived one hundred eighty-two years, and became the father of a son,
      29 and he named him Noah, saying, "This same will comfort us in our work and in the toil of our hands, because of the ground which Yahweh has cursed."
      30 Lamech lived after he became the father of Noah five hundred ninety-five years, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      31 All the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy-seven years, then he died.
      32 Noah was five hundred years old, and Noah became the father of Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

      Genèse 10

      21 To Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, the elder brother of Japheth, to him also were children born.

      Genèse 11

      1 The whole earth was of one language and of one speech.
      2 It happened, as they traveled east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they lived there.
      3 They said one to another, "Come, let's make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." They had brick for stone, and they used tar for mortar.
      4 They said, "Come, let's build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top reaches to the sky, and let's make ourselves a name, lest we be scattered abroad on the surface of the whole earth."
      5 Yahweh came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men built.
      6 Yahweh said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is what they begin to do. Now nothing will be withheld from them, which they intend to do.
      7 Come, let's go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another's speech."
      8 So Yahweh scattered them abroad from there on the surface of all the earth. They stopped building the city.
      9 Therefore its name was called Babel, because there Yahweh confused the language of all the earth. From there, Yahweh scattered them abroad on the surface of all the earth.
      10 This is the history of the generations of Shem. Shem was one hundred years old and became the father of Arpachshad two years after the flood.
      11 Shem lived five hundred years after he became the father of Arpachshad, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      12 Arpachshad lived thirty-five years and became the father of Shelah.
      13 Arpachshad lived four hundred three years after he became the father of Shelah, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      14 Shelah lived thirty years, and became the father of Eber:
      15 and Shelah lived four hundred three years after he became the father of Eber, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      16 Eber lived thirty-four years, and became the father of Peleg.
      17 Eber lived four hundred thirty years after he became the father of Peleg, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      18 Peleg lived thirty years, and became the father of Reu.
      19 Peleg lived two hundred nine years after he became the father of Reu, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      20 Reu lived thirty-two years, and became the father of Serug.
      21 Reu lived two hundred seven years after he became the father of Serug, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      22 Serug lived thirty years, and became the father of Nahor.
      23 Serug lived two hundred years after he became the father of Nahor, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      24 Nahor lived twenty-nine years, and became the father of Terah.
      25 Nahor lived one hundred nineteen years after he became the father of Terah, and became the father of sons and daughters.
      26 Terah lived seventy years, and became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran.
      27 Now this is the history of the generations of Terah. Terah became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran. Haran became the father of Lot.
      28 Haran died before his father Terah in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Chaldees.
      29 Abram and Nahor took wives. The name of Abram's wife was Sarai, and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran who was also the father of Iscah.
      30 Sarai was barren. She had no child.
      31 Terah took Abram his son, Lot the son of Haran, his son's son, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's wife. They went from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan. They came to Haran and lived there.
      32 The days of Terah were two hundred five years. Terah died in Haran.

      Genèse 12

      2 I will make of you a great nation. I will bless you and make your name great. You will be a blessing.
      3 I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you. All of the families of the earth will be blessed in you."

      Genèse 22

      17 that I will bless you greatly, and I will multiply your seed greatly like the stars of the heavens, and like the sand which is on the seashore. Your seed will possess the gate of his enemies.

      Exode 3

      6 Moreover he said, "I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look at God.

      Exode 15

      16 Terror and dread falls on them. By the greatness of your arm they are as still as a stone-- until your people pass over, Yahweh, until the people pass over who you have purchased.

      Exode 32

      13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, your servants, to whom you swore by your own self, and said to them, 'I will multiply your seed as the stars of the sky, and all this land that I have spoken of I will give to your seed, and they shall inherit it forever.'"

      Exode 33

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, "Depart, go up from here, you and the people that you have brought up out of the land of Egypt, to the land of which I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, 'I will give it to your seed.'

      Nombres 32

      11 'Surely none of the men who came up out of Egypt, from twenty years old and upward, shall see the land which I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; because they have not wholly followed me:

      Psaumes 47

      9 The princes of the peoples are gathered together, the people of the God of Abraham. For the shields of the earth belong to God. He is greatly exalted!

      Psaumes 105

      9 the covenant which he made with Abraham, his oath to Isaac,
      42 For he remembered his holy word, and Abraham, his servant.

      Esaïe 29

      22 Therefore thus says Yahweh, who redeemed Abraham, concerning the house of Jacob: "Jacob shall no longer be ashamed, neither shall his face grow pale.

      Esaïe 63

      16 For you are our Father, though Abraham doesn't know us, and Israel does not acknowledge us: you, Yahweh, are our Father; our Redeemer from everlasting is your name.

      Ezéchiel 33

      24 Son of man, they who inhabit those waste places in the land of Israel speak, saying, Abraham was one, and he inherited the land: but we are many; the land is given us for inheritance.

      Michée 7

      20 You will give truth to Jacob, and mercy to Abraham, as you have sworn to our fathers from the days of old.

      Matthieu 3

      9 Don't think to yourselves, 'We have Abraham for our father,' for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones.

      Matthieu 8

      11 I tell you that many will come from the east and the west, and will sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the Kingdom of Heaven,

      Luc 13

      28 There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when you see Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and all the prophets, in the Kingdom of God, and yourselves being thrown outside.

      Luc 19

      9 Jesus said to him, "Today, salvation has come to this house, because he also is a son of Abraham.

      Jean 8

      37 I know that you are Abraham's seed, yet you seek to kill me, because my word finds no place in you.

      Actes 2

      29 "Brothers, I may tell you freely of the patriarch David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day.

      Actes 7

      8 He gave him the covenant of circumcision. So Abraham became the father of Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day. Isaac became the father of Jacob, and Jacob became the father of the twelve patriarchs.

      Actes 13

      26 Brothers, children of the stock of Abraham, and those among you who fear God, the word of this salvation is sent out to you.

      Hébreux 7

      4 Now consider how great this man was, to whom even Abraham, the patriarch, gave a tenth out of the best spoils.
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