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POISSONS

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D'après Ge 1:21, ils sont l'oeuvre du cinquième jour, comme les grands monstres de la mer et les oiseaux du ciel (voir Création). Ils forment un groupe spécial dans diverses énumérations (Ge 9:2,1Ro 4:33) ; mais nulle part la Bible ne fait un essai de classification, ni de distinction d'espèces ou de genres : elle n'a conservé aucun nom de poisson. La seule division indiquée est d'ordre rituel : entre les poissons purs, qui sont pourvus de nageoires et d'écailles, et les impurs, qui en sont dépourvus (Le 11:9 s). Cette condition devait caractériser les poissons proprement dits, et prohiber les animaux aquatiques, cétacés, amphibies, reptiles d'eau, etc., ou même l'anguille, qui ressemblait à un serpent.

Les livres saints font de fréquentes allusions à la pêche. Les Israélites avaient pu l'apprendre en Egypte, où le poisson était la principale ressource alimentaire (No 11:3, cf. Esa 19:8) ; les deux premières plaies avaient fait périr les poissons et fait sortir des eaux les grenouilles (Ex 7:14-8:15, Ps 105:29 et suivant, Sag 19:10). Salomon passait pour avoir décrit dans ses ouvrages le monde des poissons (1Ro 4:33). Jérusalem possédait un marché aux poissons (Ne 3:3 12:39, Soph, 1:10), sans doute approvisionné par les pêcheries de la Phénicie (Ne 13:16) et du lac de Galilée. Au temps du Christ, les pêcheries de la mer de Tibériade étaient très prospères (Josèphe, G. ]., II, 21:8 ; III, 10:9). Les principaux disciples sont d'anciens pêcheurs ; plusieurs sont originaires de Bethsaïda (voir ce mot), dont le nom signifie : lieu de pêche. Sans parler des paraboles qui ont trait à la pêche, nous avons deux récits de pêches miraculeuses (Lu 5, Jn 21).

Les eaux de Palestine sont très poissonneuses, surtout dans les lacs galiléens : ceux-ci, avec le Jourdain dont ils ne sont que les élargissements, renferment une forte proportion d'espèces qui leur, sont spéciales, 14 sur les 43 que compte la faune palestinienne (voir Palestine, VII).

Les principales appartiennent aux genres chromis (tanches, etc.) et cyprinodon (carpes, goujons), pourvus de nageoires et d'écaillés et par conséquent tenus pour purs ; le clarias tnacracanthus, sorte de silure, également très commun, poisson sans écailles, était impur et interdit. Ce sont probablement ces poissons que les pêcheurs rejetaient au lac avec le menu fretin, coquillages, oursins, etc., lorsqu'ils triaient leur récolte (Mt 13:47).

Le poisson qui n'était pas consommé était sans doute salé, comme encore aujourd'hui. On a cru que les Israélites conservaient aussi les poissons dans des viviers ; c'est une erreur, due à de fausses traductions (voir Piscine).

Alors que le Jourdain et ses affluents sont très riches en poissons, on sait que par contre la mer Morte (voir art.) ne contient aucun être vivant dans ses eaux sursaturées de sels mortels : ceux que le courant y entraîne périssent aussitôt. D'où la puissance de la vision d'Ézéchiel, annonçant que la mer Morte, régénérée par le courant jailli du seuil oriental du temple, nourrira des espèces de poissons aussi nombreuses que celles de la Méditerranée (Eze 47:8,10).

Les poissons du système jordanien sont très voisins de ceux de l'Afrique orientale ; ces affinités, également constatées pour les oiseaux et les végétaux, rattachent étroitement la Palestine au continent africain.

--Le poisson de Jonas (Jon 2:1) est qualifié de grand poisson (hébreu gad)  ; c'est aussi le sens du mot grec kêtos (Mt 12:40), que certaines versions (Mart.) ont rendu bien à tort par : baleine.

On sait le rôle que jouent le foie et le fiel d'un poisson dans le prodigieux magique du conte de Tobit (Tob 6:2,9-17 8:2 11:4,8,11).

Plusieurs peuples de l'antiquité ont pratiqué le culte du poisson, d'où la défense justifiée de De 4:18 ; les Égyptiens en adoraient plusieurs espèces ; Dagon (voir ce mot), le dieu national des Philistins, dont les temples de Gaza et d'Asdod étaient les principaux sanctuaires, pouvait être un dieu-poisson.

On a indiqué, à l'article Alphabétique (poème), parag. III, comment le nom grec du poisson, ichthus, est devenu par acrostiche le symbole du Christ Sauveur et de ses fidèles ; ce symbole est « très fréquent sur les murs des Catacombes : tantôt seul, tantôt supportant une petite croix, tantôt supportant un navire (Jésus-Christ soutenant l'Église), ou bien près d'une ancre, ou encore près d'une colombe (Jésus-Christ et le Saint-Esprit). » (P. Bourguet, Le visage de Jésus, p. 42). E. D.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 1

      21 God created the large sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.

      Genèse 9

      1 God blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.
      2 The fear of you and the dread of you will be on every animal of the earth, and on every bird of the sky. Everything that the ground teems with, and all the fish of the sea are delivered into your hand.

      Exode 7

      14 Yahweh said to Moses, "Pharaoh's heart is stubborn. He refuses to let the people go.
      15 Go to Pharaoh in the morning. Behold, he goes out to the water; and you shall stand by the river's bank to meet him; and the rod which was turned to a serpent you shall take in your hand.
      16 You shall tell him, 'Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, has sent me to you, saying, "Let my people go, that they may serve me in the wilderness:" and behold, until now you haven't listened.
      17 Thus says Yahweh, "In this you shall know that I am Yahweh. Behold, I will strike with the rod that is in my hand on the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.
      18 The fish that are in the river shall die, and the river shall become foul; and the Egyptians shall loathe to drink water from the river."'"
      19 Yahweh said to Moses, "Tell Aaron, 'Take your rod, and stretch out your hand over the waters of Egypt, over their rivers, over their streams, and over their pools, and over all their ponds of water, that they may become blood; and there shall be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.'"
      20 Moses and Aaron did so, as Yahweh commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and struck the waters that were in the river, in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.
      21 The fish that were in the river died; and the river became foul, and the Egyptians couldn't drink water from the river; and the blood was throughout all the land of Egypt.
      22 The magicians of Egypt did the same thing with their enchantments; and Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he didn't listen to them; as Yahweh had spoken.
      23 Pharaoh turned and went into his house, and he didn't even take this to heart.
      24 All the Egyptians dug around the river for water to drink; for they couldn't drink of the water of the river.
      25 Seven days were fulfilled, after Yahweh had struck the river.

      Exode 8

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, Go in to Pharaoh, and tell him, "This is what Yahweh says, 'Let my people go, that they may serve me.
      2 If you refuse to let them go, behold, I will plague all your borders with frogs:
      3 and the river shall swarm with frogs, which shall go up and come into your house, and into your bedroom, and on your bed, and into the house of your servants, and on your people, and into your ovens, and into your kneading troughs:
      4 and the frogs shall come up both on you, and on your people, and on all your servants.'"
      5 Yahweh said to Moses, "Tell Aaron, 'Stretch out your hand with your rod over the rivers, over the streams, and over the pools, and cause frogs to come up on the land of Egypt.'"
      6 Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt.
      7 The magicians did the same thing with their enchantments, and brought up frogs on the land of Egypt.
      8 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, "Entreat Yahweh, that he take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and I will let the people go, that they may sacrifice to Yahweh."
      9 Moses said to Pharaoh, "I give you the honor of setting the time that I should pray for you, and for your servants, and for your people, that the frogs be destroyed from you and your houses, and remain in the river only."
      10 He said, "Tomorrow." He said, "Be it according to your word, that you may know that there is none like Yahweh our God.
      11 The frogs shall depart from you, and from your houses, and from your servants, and from your people. They shall remain in the river only."
      12 Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried to Yahweh concerning the frogs which he had brought on Pharaoh.
      13 Yahweh did according to the word of Moses, and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the courts, and out of the fields.
      14 They gathered them together in heaps, and the land stank.
      15 But when Pharaoh saw that there was a respite, he hardened his heart, and didn't listen to them, as Yahweh had spoken.

      Lévitique 11

      9 "'These you may eat of all that are in the waters: whatever has fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, that you may eat.

      Nombres 11

      3 The name of that place was called Taberah , because Yahweh's fire burnt among them.

      Néhémie 3

      3 The sons of Hassenaah built the fish gate. They laid its beams, and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.

      Néhémie 12

      39 and above the gate of Ephraim, and by the old gate, and by the fish gate, and the tower of Hananel, and the tower of Hammeah, even to the sheep gate: and they stood still in the gate of the guard.

      Néhémie 13

      16 There lived men of Tyre also therein, who brought in fish, and all kinds of wares, and sold on the Sabbath to the children of Judah, and in Jerusalem.

      Psaumes 105

      29 He turned their waters into blood, and killed their fish.

      Esaïe 19

      8 The fishermen will lament, and all those who fish in the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will languish.

      Ezéchiel 47

      8 Then he said to me, These waters issue forth toward the eastern region, and shall go down into the Arabah; and they shall go toward the sea; into the sea [shall the waters go] which were made to issue forth; and the waters shall be healed.
      10 It shall happen, that fishermen shall stand by it: from En Gedi even to En Eglaim shall be a place for the spreading of nets; their fish shall be after their kinds, as the fish of the great sea, exceeding many.

      Jonas 2

      1 Then Jonah prayed to Yahweh, his God, out of the fish's belly.

      Sophonie 1

      10 In that day, says Yahweh, there will be the noise of a cry from the fish gate, a wailing from the second quarter, and a great crashing from the hills.

      Matthieu 12

      40 For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.

      Matthieu 13

      47 "Again, the Kingdom of Heaven is like a dragnet, that was cast into the sea, and gathered some fish of every kind,

      Luc 5

      1 Now it happened, while the multitude pressed on him and heard the word of God, that he was standing by the lake of Gennesaret.
      2 He saw two boats standing by the lake, but the fishermen had gone out of them, and were washing their nets.
      3 He entered into one of the boats, which was Simon's, and asked him to put out a little from the land. He sat down and taught the multitudes from the boat.
      4 When he had finished speaking, he said to Simon, "Put out into the deep, and let down your nets for a catch."
      5 Simon answered him, "Master, we worked all night, and took nothing; but at your word I will let down the net."
      6 When they had done this, they caught a great multitude of fish, and their net was breaking.
      7 They beckoned to their partners in the other boat, that they should come and help them. They came, and filled both boats, so that they began to sink.
      8 But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord."
      9 For he was amazed, and all who were with him, at the catch of fish which they had caught;
      10 and so also were James and John, sons of Zebedee, who were partners with Simon. Jesus said to Simon, "Don't be afraid. From now on you will be catching people alive."
      11 When they had brought their boats to land, they left everything, and followed him.
      12 It happened, while he was in one of the cities, behold, there was a man full of leprosy. When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face, and begged him, saying, "Lord, if you want to, you can make me clean."
      13 He stretched out his hand, and touched him, saying, "I want to. Be made clean." Immediately the leprosy left him.
      14 He commanded him to tell no one, "But go your way, and show yourself to the priest, and offer for your cleansing according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."
      15 But the report concerning him spread much more, and great multitudes came together to hear, and to be healed by him of their infirmities.
      16 But he withdrew himself into the desert, and prayed.
      17 It happened on one of those days, that he was teaching; and there were Pharisees and teachers of the law sitting by, who had come out of every village of Galilee, Judea, and Jerusalem. The power of the Lord was with him to heal them.
      18 Behold, men brought a paralyzed man on a cot, and they sought to bring him in to lay before Jesus.
      19 Not finding a way to bring him in because of the multitude, they went up to the housetop, and let him down through the tiles with his cot into the midst before Jesus.
      20 Seeing their faith, he said to him, "Man, your sins are forgiven you."
      21 The scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, "Who is this that speaks blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone?"
      22 But Jesus, perceiving their thoughts, answered them, "Why are you reasoning so in your hearts?
      23 Which is easier to say, 'Your sins are forgiven you;' or to say, 'Arise and walk?'
      24 But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins" (he said to the paralyzed man), "I tell you, arise, and take up your cot, and go to your house."
      25 Immediately he rose up before them, and took up that which he was laying on, and departed to his house, glorifying God.
      26 Amazement took hold on all, and they glorified God. They were filled with fear, saying, "We have seen strange things today."
      27 After these things he went out, and saw a tax collector named Levi sitting at the tax office, and said to him, "Follow me!"
      28 He left everything, and rose up and followed him.
      29 Levi made a great feast for him in his house. There was a great crowd of tax collectors and others who were reclining with them.
      30 Their scribes and the Pharisees murmured against his disciples, saying, "Why do you eat and drink with the tax collectors and sinners?"
      31 Jesus answered them, "Those who are healthy have no need for a physician, but those who are sick do.
      32 I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance."
      33 They said to him, "Why do John's disciples often fast and pray, likewise also the disciples of the Pharisees, but yours eat and drink?"
      34 He said to them, "Can you make the friends of the bridegroom fast, while the bridegroom is with them?
      35 But the days will come when the bridegroom will be taken away from them. Then they will fast in those days."
      36 He also told a parable to them. "No one puts a piece from a new garment on an old garment, or else he will tear the new, and also the piece from the new will not match the old.
      37 No one puts new wine into old wineskins, or else the new wine will burst the skins, and it will be spilled, and the skins will be destroyed.
      38 But new wine must be put into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved.
      39 No man having drunk old wine immediately desires new, for he says, 'The old is better.'"

      Jean 21

      1 After these things, Jesus revealed himself again to the disciples at the sea of Tiberias. He revealed himself this way.
      2 Simon Peter, Thomas called Didymus, Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two others of his disciples were together.
      3 Simon Peter said to them, "I'm going fishing." They told him, "We are also coming with you." They immediately went out, and entered into the boat. That night, they caught nothing.
      4 But when day had already come, Jesus stood on the beach, yet the disciples didn't know that it was Jesus.
      5 Jesus therefore said to them, "Children, have you anything to eat?" They answered him, "No."
      6 He said to them, "Cast the net on the right side of the boat, and you will find some." They cast it therefore, and now they weren't able to draw it in for the multitude of fish.
      7 That disciple therefore whom Jesus loved said to Peter, "It's the Lord!" So when Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he wrapped his coat around him (for he was naked), and threw himself into the sea.
      8 But the other disciples came in the little boat (for they were not far from the land, but about two hundred cubits away), dragging the net full of fish.
      9 So when they got out on the land, they saw a fire of coals there, and fish laid on it, and bread.
      10 Jesus said to them, "Bring some of the fish which you have just caught."
      11 Simon Peter went up, and drew the net to land, full of great fish, one hundred fifty-three; and even though there were so many, the net wasn't torn.
      12 Jesus said to them, "Come and eat breakfast." None of the disciples dared inquire of him, "Who are you?" knowing that it was the Lord.
      13 Then Jesus came and took the bread, gave it to them, and the fish likewise.
      14 This is now the third time that Jesus was revealed to his disciples, after he had risen from the dead.
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