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PRINCE

(Du latin princeps.) Dans nos différentes versions, ce titre représente un grand nombre de mots hébreux ou grecs dont la traduction est loin d'être uniforme et dont la plupart ont le plus souvent le sens de chef (voir ce mot), applicable à des situations et des rangs fort divers, dans les domaines militaire, diplomatique, judiciaire, religieux, etc. ; on les rend aussi par : gouverneur, magistrat, grand, noble, etc. Nous énumérons ces termes originaux en allant des plus communs aux plus rares, nous bornant aux passages où Sg. et Vers. Syn. ont conservé le titre précis de prince. Voir aussi Gouvernement, Roi, Justice rendue.

I Ancien Testament.

1. Sâr (=qui exerce une autorité ; cf. l'assyr, sarroû =roi) désigne principalement des chefs de tous ordres, israélites ou non (No 21:18) ; des fils de rois (Ps 45:17), des courtisans très proches de leurs rois (Ps 105:22, Esa 10:8 49:7, Soph, 1:8, Esth, 1:14, Eccl, 10:1,6-17), hauts administrateurs dans l'armée, la justice, le gouvernement, le service du Temple (Esa 32:1, Mic 7:3, Ps 148:11) ; des privilégiés ou des parvenus de la fortune (Esa 23:8, Job 3:15 29:9, Eccl, 10:7), etc. Au figuré, c'est un des titres du Messie, qui l'oppose à la plupart des princes terrestres, en ce qu'il sera le Prince de la paix (Esa 9:5).

C'est le féminin, sârâh, qui désigne des princesses : femmes nobles (Jug 5:29), épouses de seigneurs (Est 1:18), femmes de qualité, dans le harem royal de Salomon, distinctes de ses concubines (1Ro 11:3), et même des épouses de rois (Esa 49:23, cf. La 1:1) ; voir Reine.

2. Nâsî (qui est élevé), terme applicable au pouvoir suprême en Israël (Ex 22:28,1Ro 11:34, Sg.), est, en dehors de ces deux textes, exclusivement employé par des écrivains sacerdotaux (Ezéch., Chr., Esd., document P du Pentateuque). Y sont ainsi désignés : Abraham (Ge 23:6), divers chefs de clans (Ismaélites, Ge 17:20 ; Sichem, 34:2 ; Madianites, Jos 13:21), les représentants officiels des maisons d'Israël d'après l'organisation sacerdotale (No 1:16,44 7:2 34:18 etc. 1Ch 2:10 4:38 2Ch 1:2, etc.).

Ézéchiel appelle prince plutôt que roi l'infidèle Sédécias (Eze 7:27 12:10,12 21:30), prononce une complainte sur les « princes d'Israël », les derniers rois de Juda morts en captivité (Eze 19), et dénonce aussi sous le nom de princes les grands de Juda responsables avec leurs rois de la ruine de leur peuple (Eze 21:17 22:6 45:8) ; il prédit aussi la ruine des princes étrangers, Tyr, Egypte, Édom, etc (Eze 7:16 30:13 32:29 38:2 et suivant)., mentionne les princes de Kédar (cheiks arabes (Eze 27:21),) ; enfin, dans son programme de restauration religieuse le prophète voit à la tête de la communauté « le prince, fils de David (Eze 34:24 37:24), nouveau David, qui dans le royaume futur devra cumuler les fonctions de roi et de sacrificateur : il possède un domaine territorial (Eze 45:7 et suivant) et touche de modestes redevances (Eze 45:13 et suivants) en retour desquelles il doit fournir les victimes des holocaustes et des sacrifices du culte public (Eze 46:2,11 et suivants), et gouverner son peuple avec une « droiture » et une « justice » que ses devanciers n'ont pas connues (Eze 45:9). » (A. Westphal, Sources, vol. II, p. 360). Voir Prêtres, III, 3. Au retour de l'exil, Sesbatsar est aussi appelé prince de Juda (Esd 1:8).

3. Nâgtd (=qui est en vue, en tête) a le sens général de prince (Job 31:37, Ps 76:12, Pr 28:16) et s'applique fréquemment aux rois d'Israël ou de Juda comme à d'autres souverains, (cf. 1Ch 5:2, Eze 28:2) mais on ! e traduit généralement par chef (1Sa 9:16 13:14 etc.) ; il peut être aussi le titre de hauts fonctionnaires du Temple (2Ch 35:8), de chefs de tribus, d'armées, etc (1Ch 12:27 13:1 etc.).

4. Nâdîb (généreux, noble de caractère, d'où : noble par le rang social) est un terme poétique désignant d'une manière générale grands, nobles et puissants (1Sa 2:8, Ps 47:9, Pr 17:7 25:7, Job 34:18, Ca 7:2 etc.).

5. Nâsîk (=établi, installé), employé comme synonyme de nâsî (Jos 13:21, Eze 32:30), s'applique aux princes d'Israël (Mic 5:4) comme à ceux des ennemis de Dieu (Ps 83:12).

6. Rôzén (du verbe râzan =peser) introduit la notion de force, celle du potentat (Jug 5:3, Hab 1:10, Ps 2:2) qui peut d'ailleurs aussi gouverner avec sagesse (Pr 8:15 31:4).

7. Nâzîr (du verbe nâzar-- dédier ; voir Naziréen) possède Etymologiquement l'idée de consécration (Ge 49:26, De 33:16, La 4:7).

8. Alloûph (=chef de mille) est rendu une fois par prince dans la Vers. Syn (Ex 15:15).

9. Sèrèn, mot philistin (peut-être apparenté au gr. turannos), désigne les tyrans de ce pays (Jug 16:5,1Sa 5:8,1Ch 12:19 etc.), au nombre de cinq (Jug 3:3, 1Sa 6:4), chacun régnant sans doute sur l'une des cinq cités (Jos 13:3,1Sa 6:16,18).

II Apocryphes.

Quelques-uns des termes précités se retrouvent dans les livres apocryphes de l'A.T., mais n'ajoutent pas grand'chose à leur emploi dans les livres canoniques : on y voit, sous le nom de princes, des sortes de vice-rois (Sir 46:13), des vassaux d'Alexandre le Grand (1Ma 14), des gouverneurs philistins (Sir 46:18), des personnages imposants (Sir 8:8 39:4 41:17), parfois avisés et sages (Sir 44:4) ; quelques-uns deviennent l'objet d'un culte idolâtrique (Sag 14:19 et suivant). Au figuré, il faut retenir la belle déclaration du Siracide : « Dieu est le prince du pardon » (Sir 16:11).

III Nouveau Testament

1. Arkhôn (=premier, commandant en chef) était sous le régime romain un magistrat en général, ou plus spécialement un magistrat de province, un préfet délégué en une région conquise, enfin le détenteur d'une magistrature suprême. Alors qu'aux trois premières significations correspondent dans nos versions les traductions : chef, juge ou magistrat (Lu 12:38, Ac 3:17 7:27,35 16:19 etc.), c'est à la dernière que répond le titre de prince. Il est employé au sens propre à propos des princes des nations dans

Mt 20:25, Ac 4:26 (citation de Ps 2:2), passages auxquels s'oppose la proclamation du Prince des rois de la terre (Apo 1:5, cf. Ps 89:28). Au figuré, Satan (voir ce mot) est appelé dans les évangile synopt, le Prince des démons (Mr 3:22, Lu 11:15, Mt 9 34 12:24), dans le 4 e évang, le Prince de ce monde (Jn 12:31 14:30 16:11), et dans une épître de saint Paul le Prince de la puissance de l'air (Eph 2:2). Ces trois images montrent chacune sous un aspect particulier le Maître de l'empire spirituel du mal, dans un monde ennemi de Dieu ; mais les trois points de vue synoptique, johannique et paulinien s'accordent aussi dans la constatation que le Christ échappe totalement à sa puissance : (Jn 14:30) par sa sainteté (noter, au cours de sa tentation, Mt 4 parallèle Lu 4, l'offre de « tous les royaumes du monde et de leur gloire ») il a vaincu le monde (Jn 16:33), il a condamné et chassé le Prince de ce monde (Jn 16:11 12:31, cf. Lu 10:18). L'apôtre Jean peut écrire aux enfants de Dieu : « Celui qui est en vous est plus grand que celui qui est dans le monde » (1Jn 4:4). L'apôtre Paul avait écrit : « Vont être anéantis les princes de ce monde », qui ont « crucifié le Seigneur de gloire » (1Co 2:6,8) ; qu'il s'agisse là des autorités humaines responsables de ce crime, ou des esprits qui d'après les Juifs influaient sur le monde (voir Domination, Principauté), leur pouvoir et leur oeuvre seront abolis par la victoire du Prince, Seigneur et Roi souverainement élevé par Dieu le Père. (cf. 1Co 15:25, Php 2:9-11) Voir Monde.

2. Arkhêgos (=premier conducteur ; ou initiateur, introducteur d'une cause première) est précisément le titre supérieur qui élève au-dessus du Prince du péché le « Prince et Sauveur » (Ac 5:31), « le Prince de la vie » (Ac 3:15), par où sans doute il faut entendre 1' « auteur » de la vie, comme dans Heb 2:10 12:2 où se retrouve le même terme avec des déterminations plus précises : « auteur du salut », « auteur de la foi » (voir dernier alinéa de l'article Chef). Jn L.

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      Genèse 17

      20 As for Ishmael, I have heard you. Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly. He will become the father of twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation.

      Genèse 23

      6 "Hear us, my lord. You are a prince of God among us. Bury your dead in the best of our tombs. None of us will withhold from you his tomb. Bury your dead."

      Genèse 49

      26 The blessings of your father have prevailed above the blessings of your ancestors, above the boundaries of the ancient hills. They will be on the head of Joseph, on the crown of the head of him who is separated from his brothers.

      Exode 15

      15 Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed. Trembling takes hold of the mighty men of Moab. All the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.

      Exode 22

      1 "If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and kills it, or sells it; he shall pay five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.
      28 "You shall not blaspheme God, nor curse a ruler of your people.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Nombres 1

      16 These are those who were called of the congregation, the princes of the tribes of their fathers; they were the heads of the thousands of Israel.
      44 These are those who were numbered, whom Moses and Aaron numbered, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: they were each one for his fathers' house.

      Nombres 7

      2 that the princes of Israel, the heads of their fathers' houses, offered. These were the princes of the tribes. These are they who were over those who were numbered:

      Nombres 21

      18 the well, which the princes dug, which the nobles of the people dug, with the scepter, and with their poles." From the wilderness they traveled to Mattanah;

      Nombres 34

      18 You shall take one prince of every tribe, to divide the land for inheritance.

      Josué 13

      3 from the Shihor, which is before Egypt, even to the border of Ekron northward, which is counted as Canaanite; the five lords of the Philistines; the Gazites, and the Ashdodites, the Ashkelonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites; also the Avvim,
      21 all the cities of the plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, whom Moses struck with the chiefs of Midian, Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, the princes of Sihon, who lived in the land.

      Juges 3

      3 the five lords of the Philistines, and all the Canaanites, and the Sidonians, and the Hivites who lived on Mount Lebanon, from Mount Baal Hermon to the entrance of Hamath.

      Juges 5

      3 "Hear, you kings! Give ear, you princes! I, even I, will sing to Yahweh. I will sing praise to Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      29 Her wise ladies answered her, Yes, she returned answer to herself,

      Juges 16

      5 The lords of the Philistines came up to her, and said to her, "Entice him, and see in which his great strength lies, and by what means we may prevail against him, that we may bind him to afflict him; and we will each give you eleven hundred pieces of silver."

      1 Samuel 2

      8 He raises up the poor out of the dust. He lifts up the needy from the dunghill, To make them sit with princes, and inherit the throne of glory. For the pillars of the earth are Yahweh's. He has set the world on them.

      1 Samuel 5

      8 They sent therefore and gathered all the lords of the Philistines to them, and said, "What shall we do with the ark of the God of Israel?" They answered, "Let the ark of the God of Israel be carried over to Gath." They carried the ark of the God of Israel there.

      1 Samuel 6

      4 Then they said, "What shall be the trespass offering which we shall return to him?" They said, "Five golden tumors, and five golden mice, for the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.
      16 When the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.

      1 Samuel 9

      16 "Tomorrow about this time I will send you a man out of the land of Benjamin, and you shall anoint him to be prince over my people Israel; and he shall save my people out of the hand of the Philistines: for I have looked on my people, because their cry has come to me."

      1 Chroniques 2

      10 Ram became the father of Amminadab, and Amminadab became the father of Nahshon, prince of the children of Judah;

      1 Chroniques 5

      2 For Judah prevailed above his brothers, and of him came the prince; but the birthright was Joseph's:)

      1 Chroniques 12

      19 Of Manasseh also there fell away some to David, when he came with the Philistines against Saul to battle; but they didn't help them; for the lords of the Philistines sent him away after consultation, saying, "He will fall away to his master Saul to the jeopardy of our heads."
      27 Jehoiada was the leader of the household of Aaron; and with him were three thousand and seven hundred,

      2 Chroniques 1

      2 Solomon spoke to all Israel, to the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and to the judges, and to every prince in all Israel, the heads of the fathers' households.

      2 Chroniques 35

      8 His princes gave for a freewill offering to the people, to the priests, and to the Levites. Hilkiah and Zechariah and Jehiel, the rulers of God's house, gave to the priests for the Passover offerings two thousand and six hundred small livestock, and three hundred head of cattle.

      Esdras 1

      8 even those, Cyrus king of Persia brought out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and numbered them to Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah.

      Esther 1

      14 and the next to him were Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and Media, who saw the king's face, and sat first in the kingdom),
      18 Today, the princesses of Persia and Media who have heard of the queen's deed will tell all the king's princes. This will cause much contempt and wrath.

      Job 3

      15 or with princes who had gold, who filled their houses with silver:

      Job 29

      9 The princes refrained from talking, and laid their hand on their mouth.

      Job 31

      37 I would declare to him the number of my steps. as a prince would I go near to him.

      Job 34

      18 Who says to a king, 'Vile!' or to nobles, 'Wicked!'?

      Psaumes 2

      2 The kings of the earth take a stand, and the rulers take counsel together, against Yahweh, and against his Anointed, saying,

      Psaumes 45

      17 I will make your name to be remembered in all generations. Therefore the peoples shall give you thanks forever and ever.

      Psaumes 47

      9 The princes of the peoples are gathered together, the people of the God of Abraham. For the shields of the earth belong to God. He is greatly exalted!

      Psaumes 76

      12 He will cut off the spirit of princes. He is feared by the kings of the earth.

      Psaumes 83

      12 who said, "Let us take possession of God's pasturelands."

      Psaumes 89

      28 I will keep my loving kindness for him forevermore. My covenant will stand firm with him.

      Psaumes 105

      22 to discipline his princes at his pleasure, and to teach his elders wisdom.

      Psaumes 148

      11 kings of the earth and all peoples; princes and all judges of the earth;

      Proverbes 8

      15 By me kings reign, and princes decree justice.

      Proverbes 17

      7 Arrogant speech isn't fitting for a fool, much less do lying lips fit a prince.

      Proverbes 25

      7 for it is better that it be said to you, "Come up here," than that you should be put lower in the presence of the prince, whom your eyes have seen.

      Proverbes 28

      16 A tyrannical ruler lacks judgment. One who hates ill-gotten gain will have long days.

      Proverbes 31

      4 It is not for kings, Lemuel; it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes to say, 'Where is strong drink?'

      Ecclésiaste 10

      1 Dead flies cause the oil of the perfumer to send forth an evil odor; so does a little folly outweigh wisdom and honor.
      6 Folly is set in great dignity, and the rich sit in a low place.
      7 I have seen servants on horses, and princes walking like servants on the earth.

      Cantique 7

      2 Your body is like a round goblet, no mixed wine is wanting. Your waist is like a heap of wheat, set about with lilies.

      Esaïe 9

      5 For all the armor of the armed man in the noisy battle, and the garments rolled in blood, will be for burning, fuel for the fire.

      Esaïe 10

      8 For he says, "Aren't all of my princes kings?

      Esaïe 23

      8 Who has planned this against Tyre, the giver of crowns, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth?

      Esaïe 32

      1 Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in justice.

      Esaïe 49

      7 Thus says Yahweh, the Redeemer of Israel, and his Holy One, to him whom man despises, to him whom the nation abhors, to a servant of rulers: "Kings shall see and arise; princes, and they shall worship; because of Yahweh who is faithful, even the Holy One of Israel, who has chosen you."
      23 Kings shall be your nursing fathers, and their queens your nursing mothers: they shall bow down to you with their faces to the earth, and lick the dust of your feet; and you shall know that I am Yahweh; and those who wait for me shall not be disappointed."

      Lamentations 1

      1 How the city sits solitary, that was full of people! She has become as a widow, who was great among the nations! She who was a princess among the provinces has become tributary!

      Lamentations 4

      7 Her nobles were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk; They were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing was as of sapphire.

      Ezéchiel 7

      16 But those of those who escape shall escape, and shall be on the mountains like doves of the valleys, all of them moaning, every one in his iniquity.
      27 The king shall mourn, and the prince shall be clothed with desolation, and the hands of the people of the land shall be troubled: I will do to them after their way, and according to their own judgments will I judge them; and they shall know that I am Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 12

      10 Say to them, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: This burden concerns the prince in Jerusalem, and all the house of Israel among whom they are.
      12 The prince who is among them shall bear on his shoulder in the dark, and shall go forth: they shall dig through the wall to carry out thereby: he shall cover his face, because he shall not see the land with his eyes.

      Ezéchiel 19

      1 Moreover, take up a lamentation for the princes of Israel,
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