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PRISON, PRISONNIER

La peine de l'emprisonnement n'était pas prévue par la législation mosaïque, et ce n'est qu'après le retour de l'exil qu'on la trouve mentionnée comme châtiment punissant les délits d'ordre religieux (Esd 7:26). Dans Le 24:12 et No 15:34, il s'agit non d'une peine répressive infligée à un coupable après condamnation, mais de sa surveillance avant jugement ; nous disons aujourd'hui : prison préventive. Au reste, l'antiquité pratiquait l'emprisonnement sous bien des formes différentes, dont témoignent les sept ou huit mots hébreux distincts pouvant le désigner. Joseph le subit en Egypte (Ge 39:20) ; Samson à Gaza, chez les Philistins (Jug 16:21) ; Osée, roi d'Israël, à Ninive (2Ro 17:4) ; Sédécias, roi de Juda, à Babylone (Jer 52:11). Les despotes condamnaient à la prison suivant leurs caprices, souvent sous des prétextes futiles (Ge 40:3 42:17), et les prisonniers pouvaient être oubliés fort longtemps (Ge 40:14-23 41:1). Les rois israélites aussi recoururent à la prison contre leurs ennemis, en particulier contre les prophètes coupables de leur reprocher trop sévèrement leur conduite (1Ro 22:27,2Ch 16:10, Jer 20:3 32:2 37:15 etc.).

La prison de Joseph en Egypte, proprement « maison d'arrêt », était réservée aux prisonniers d'État et se trouvait placée sous la surveillance d'un personnage important, Potiphar (voir ce mot), chef des gardes ou des « exécuteurs » ; elle devait faire partie de la citadelle où habitait le chef des gardes. De même la prison où fut enfermé Michée, fils de Jimla, sur l'ordre d'Achab, faisait partie de la maison du gouverneur de la ville (1Ro 22:27) ; de même encore une des prisons de Jérémie se trouvait dans la maison d'un secrétaire (Jer 37:15). Mais parfois la prison n'était qu'une citerne sans eau, une basse-fosse plus ou moins boueuse suivant la saison, et où le captif risquait de s'enliser (Ge 37:20,24, Jer 38:6). Dans l'antique Orient comme en Occident, les cachots ont presque toujours été d'abominables réduits, sans air, lumière ni entretien, souvent pestilentiels, où l'on pouvait réunir pêle-mêle les pires malfaiteurs, les individus gênants pour l'autorité, les malades et même les fous ! La fameuse prison Mamertine, à Rome, double chambre à parois surbaissées, est le type du genre perfectionné par les anciens.

Il pouvait arriver, dans certains cas, que les prisonniers jouissent d'une liberté relative, leur permettant de communiquer avec leurs amis : ainsi Jérémie enfermé dans la cour du corps de garde (Jer 32:2). Mais le traitement était généralement plus rigoureux : Samson avait été lié d'une double chaîne d'airain et condamné à faire tourner une meule (Jug 16:21) ; Asa, roi de Juda, fit mettre aux fers le voyant Hanani (2Ch 16:10) ; Jérémie fut soumis au même supplice (Jer 20:2) ; Sédécias eut les yeux crevés (Jer 52:11). Parfois enfin, le régime du pain et de l'eau « de misère » venait encore renforcer la rigueur de la peine (1Ro 22:27). Le passage Ps 107:10-16 décrit les souffrances des prisonniers que l'Éternel a délivrés.

Après l'exil, la prison devint une peine de plus en plus fréquente, en particulier en Palestine, sous la domination étrangère (1Ma 14:3,2Ma 13:21, cf. Heb 11:38). Dans le N.T., elle est mentionnée couramment (Mt 5:25, Lu 12:58 21:12) ; c'est la peine encourue par le débiteur insolvable (Mt 18:30), et non pas seulement par les malfaiteurs (Lu 23:19). Jean-Baptiste y est jeté par Hérode Antipas (Mr 6:17,27 et suivant, Mt 11:2 14:3, Lu 3:19, Jn 3:24). Pierre se croit capable de braver prison et mort pour son Maître, et la peur l'entraîne au reniement (Lu 22:33 et suivant). Mais après la Pentecôte, il est le premier à la subir courageusement (Ac 4:3 5:18 12:4). Bientôt la persécution de Saul emprisonne les chrétiens en masse (Ac 8:3 22:4 26:10). L'apôtre Paul, à son tour, est souvent mis en prison (2Co 6:5 11:23), en particulier à Philippes avec Silas (Ac 16:23,1Th 2:2), à Césarée pendant deux ans (Ac 24:27), à Rome pendant encore deux ans (Ac 28), peut-être suivis de la libération et, plus tard, d'une nouvelle et dernière captivité romaine (voir Chronol. du N.T., II, 3 ; Paul [ses voyages], VI). A Philippes, il avait eu les pieds fixés dans des entraves (Ac 16:23 et suivant), pièces de bois comme l'indique le terme grec (xulon). A Rome, bien qu'il lui fût permis de se louer un logement, il y demeurait sous la garde d'un soldat auquel il était attaché par une chaîne, selon l'usage romain (Ac 28:16,23,30). De même Pierre, dans la prison de Jérusalem, était attaché par deux chaînes, une à chaque bras, aux deux soldats qui le gardaient, à droite et à gauche (Ac 12:6).

Les motifs d'emprisonnement pouvant donc différer d'un extrême à l'autre, il est clair qu'il faut distinguer entre les divers genres de prisonniers, entre ceux qui subissent ce qu'ils ont mérité par leur conduite et ceux qui n'ont commis aucun mal, suivant la confession du brigand repentant (Lu 23:41, cf. 1Pi 3:17). Jésus mentionne sans le condamner le châtiment par la prison de celui qui a fait tort à son semblable (Mt 5:25), et il a prévu la répression qui frapperait ses fidèles dans un monde hostile à leur Maître (Lu 21:12). Mais il apporte aux prisonniers la délivrance : prenant à son compte la bonne nouvelle du prophète de l'exil (Esa 61:1 et suivant), il l'a déclaré solennellement au début de son ministère (Lu 4:19). Cette oeuvre du Christ est spirituelle en ce sens qu'il libère l'âme humaine de la captivité de son péché (la Rédemption [v. ce mot], c'est sa rançon)  ; mais elle est aussi réelle au sens propre, en ce qu'il rend vainqueur des déchéances qui conduisent normalement à la prison, et en ce que son Évangile exclut les tyrannies persécutrices. Aux prisonniers, Jésus apportait en même temps sa sympathie : non seulement à l'honnête homme martyr de sa foi, comme le Baptiste (Mt 11:4,6), mais même au malfaiteur malheureux, abstraction faite de sa culpabilité (Mt 25:36-43, cf. Heb 13:3). Par là, le christianisme a contribué puissamment au renversement des forteresses du despotisme aussi bien que, dans ces derniers siècles, à l'amélioration du régime pénitentiaire et des traitements des prisonniers pendant et après leur détention. St Paul, voyant dans les captivités subies au service de Jésus-Christ le symbole de ce service lui-même, se réclamait volontiers du titre de « prisonnier de Jésus-Christ » (Eph 3:1, Phm 1:1-9,2Ti 1:8), comme il se proclamait aussi son esclave (voir ce mot). Aux fidèles témoins qui souffrent la prison, fût-ce jusqu'à la mort, pour le nom du Seigneur, celui-ci a promis la couronne de vie (Ap 2:10).

Pour le passage relatif aux « esprits en prison », voir (1Pi 3:19) Descente aux enfers. Jn L.

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      Genèse 37

      20 Come now therefore, and let's kill him, and cast him into one of the pits, and we will say, 'An evil animal has devoured him.' We will see what will become of his dreams."
      24 and they took him, and threw him into the pit. The pit was empty. There was no water in it.

      Genèse 39

      20 Joseph's master took him, and put him into the prison, the place where the king's prisoners were bound, and he was there in custody.

      Genèse 40

      3 He put them in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, into the prison, the place where Joseph was bound.
      14 But remember me when it will be well with you, and please show kindness to me, and make mention of me to Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house.
      15 For indeed, I was stolen away out of the land of the Hebrews, and here also have I done nothing that they should put me into the dungeon."
      16 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he said to Joseph, "I also was in my dream, and behold, three baskets of white bread were on my head.
      17 In the uppermost basket there was all kinds of baked food for Pharaoh, and the birds ate them out of the basket on my head."
      18 Joseph answered, "This is its interpretation. The three baskets are three days.
      19 Within three more days, Pharaoh will lift up your head from off you, and will hang you on a tree; and the birds will eat your flesh from off you."
      20 It happened the third day, which was Pharaoh's birthday, that he made a feast for all his servants, and he lifted up the head of the chief cupbearer and the head of the chief baker among his servants.
      21 He restored the chief cupbearer to his position again, and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand;
      22 but he hanged the chief baker, as Joseph had interpreted to them.
      23 Yet the chief cupbearer didn't remember Joseph, but forgot him.

      Genèse 41

      1 It happened at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh dreamed: and behold, he stood by the river.

      Genèse 42

      17 He put them all together into custody for three days.

      Lévitique 24

      12 They put him in custody, until the will of Yahweh should be declared to them.

      Nombres 15

      34 They put him in custody, because it had not been declared what should be done to him.

      Juges 16

      21 The Philistines laid hold on him, and put out his eyes; and they brought him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of brass; and he ground at the mill in the prison.

      2 Chroniques 16

      10 Then Asa was angry with the seer, and put him in the prison; for he was in a rage with him because of this thing. Asa oppressed some of the people at the same time.

      Esdras 7

      26 Whoever will not do the law of your God, and the law of the king, let judgment be executed on him with all diligence, whether it be to death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to imprisonment.

      Psaumes 107

      10 Some sat in darkness and in the shadow of death, being bound in affliction and iron,
      11 because they rebelled against the words of God , and condemned the counsel of the Most High.
      12 Therefore he brought down their heart with labor. They fell down, and there was none to help.
      13 Then they cried to Yahweh in their trouble, and he saved them out of their distresses.
      14 He brought them out of darkness and the shadow of death, and broke their bonds in sunder.
      15 Let them praise Yahweh for his loving kindness, for his wonderful works to the children of men!
      16 For he has broken the gates of brass, and cut through bars of iron.

      Esaïe 61

      1 The Spirit of the Lord Yahweh is on me; because Yahweh has anointed me to preach good news to the humble. He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and release to those who are bound;

      Jérémie 20

      2 Then Pashhur struck Jeremiah the prophet, and put him in the stocks that were in the upper gate of Benjamin, which was in the house of Yahweh.
      3 It happened on the next day, that Pashhur brought forth Jeremiah out of the stocks. Then Jeremiah said to him, Yahweh has not called your name Pashhur, but Magormissabib.

      Jérémie 32

      2 Now at that time the king of Babylon's army was besieging Jerusalem; and Jeremiah the prophet was shut up in the court of the guard, which was in the king of Judah's house.

      Jérémie 37

      15 The princes were angry with Jeremiah, and struck him, and put him in prison in the house of Jonathan the scribe; for they had made that the prison.

      Jérémie 38

      6 Then took they Jeremiah, and cast him into the dungeon of Malchijah the king's son, that was in the court of the guard: and they let down Jeremiah with cords. In the dungeon there was no water, but mire; and Jeremiah sank in the mire.

      Jérémie 52

      11 He put out the eyes of Zedekiah; and the king of Babylon bound him in fetters, and carried him to Babylon, and put him in prison until the day of his death.

      Matthieu 5

      25 Agree with your adversary quickly, while you are with him in the way; lest perhaps the prosecutor deliver you to the judge, and the judge deliver you to the officer, and you be cast into prison.

      Matthieu 11

      2 Now when John heard in the prison the works of Christ, he sent two of his disciples
      4 Jesus answered them, "Go and tell John the things which you hear and see:
      6 Blessed is he who finds no occasion for stumbling in me."

      Matthieu 14

      3 For Herod had laid hold of John, and bound him, and put him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife.

      Matthieu 18

      30 He would not, but went and cast him into prison, until he should pay back that which was due.

      Matthieu 25

      36 I was naked, and you clothed me. I was sick, and you visited me. I was in prison, and you came to me.'
      37 "Then the righteous will answer him, saying, 'Lord, when did we see you hungry, and feed you; or thirsty, and give you a drink?
      38 When did we see you as a stranger, and take you in; or naked, and clothe you?
      39 When did we see you sick, or in prison, and come to you?'
      40 "The King will answer them, 'Most certainly I tell you, inasmuch as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers , you did it to me.'
      41 Then he will say also to those on the left hand, 'Depart from me, you cursed, into the eternal fire which is prepared for the devil and his angels;
      42 for I was hungry, and you didn't give me food to eat; I was thirsty, and you gave me no drink;
      43 I was a stranger, and you didn't take me in; naked, and you didn't clothe me; sick, and in prison, and you didn't visit me.'

      Marc 6

      17 For Herod himself had sent out and arrested John, and bound him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, for he had married her.
      27 Immediately the king sent out a soldier of his guard, and commanded to bring John's head, and he went and beheaded him in the prison,

      Luc 3

      19 but Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him for Herodias, his brother's wife, and for all the evil things which Herod had done,

      Luc 4

      19 and to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord."

      Luc 12

      58 For when you are going with your adversary before the magistrate, try diligently on the way to be released from him, lest perhaps he drag you to the judge, and the judge deliver you to the officer, and the officer throw you into prison.

      Luc 21

      12 But before all these things, they will lay their hands on you and will persecute you, delivering you up to synagogues and prisons, bringing you before kings and governors for my name's sake.

      Luc 22

      33 He said to him, "Lord, I am ready to go with you both to prison and to death!"

      Luc 23

      19 one who was thrown into prison for a certain revolt in the city, and for murder.
      41 And we indeed justly, for we receive the due reward for our deeds, but this man has done nothing wrong."

      Jean 3

      24 For John was not yet thrown into prison.

      Actes 4

      3 They laid hands on them, and put them in custody until the next day, for it was now evening.

      Actes 5

      18 and laid hands on the apostles, and put them in public custody.

      Actes 8

      3 But Saul ravaged the assembly, entering into every house, and dragged both men and women off to prison.

      Actes 12

      4 When he had arrested him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four squads of four soldiers each to guard him, intending to bring him out to the people after the Passover.
      6 The same night when Herod was about to bring him out, Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains. Guards in front of the door kept the prison.

      Actes 16

      23 When they had laid many stripes on them, they threw them into prison, charging the jailer to keep them safely,
      24 who, having received such a command, threw them into the inner prison, and secured their feet in the stocks.
      25 But about midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the prisoners were listening to them.
      26 Suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken; and immediately all the doors were opened, and everyone's bonds were loosened.
      27 The jailer, being roused out of sleep and seeing the prison doors open, drew his sword and was about to kill himself, supposing that the prisoners had escaped.
      28 But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, "Don't harm yourself, for we are all here!"
      29 He called for lights and sprang in, and, fell down trembling before Paul and Silas,
      30 and brought them out and said, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?"
      31 They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and you will be saved, you and your household."
      32 They spoke the word of the Lord to him, and to all who were in his house.
      33 He took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes, and was immediately baptized, he and all his household.
      34 He brought them up into his house, and set food before them, and rejoiced greatly, with all his household, having believed in God.
      35 But when it was day, the magistrates sent the sergeants, saying, "Let those men go."
      36 The jailer reported these words to Paul, saying, "The magistrates have sent to let you go; now therefore come out, and go in peace."
      37 But Paul said to them, "They have beaten us publicly, without a trial, men who are Romans, and have cast us into prison! Do they now release us secretly? No, most certainly, but let them come themselves and bring us out!"
      38 The sergeants reported these words to the magistrates, and they were afraid when they heard that they were Romans,
      39 and they came and begged them. When they had brought them out, they asked them to depart from the city.
      40 They went out of the prison, and entered into Lydia's house. When they had seen the brothers, they encouraged them, and departed.

      Actes 22

      4 I persecuted this Way to the death, binding and delivering into prisons both men and women.

      Actes 24

      27 But when two years were fulfilled, Felix was succeeded by Porcius Festus, and desiring to gain favor with the Jews, Felix left Paul in bonds.

      Actes 26

      10 This I also did in Jerusalem. I both shut up many of the saints in prisons, having received authority from the chief priests, and when they were put to death I gave my vote against them.

      Actes 28

      1 When we had escaped, then they learned that the island was called Malta.
      2 The natives showed us uncommon kindness; for they kindled a fire, and received us all, because of the present rain, and because of the cold.
      3 But when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks and laid them on the fire, a viper came out because of the heat, and fastened on his hand.
      4 When the natives saw the creature hanging from his hand, they said one to another, "No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he has escaped from the sea, yet Justice has not allowed to live."
      5 However he shook off the creature into the fire, and wasn't harmed.
      6 But they expected that he would have swollen or fallen down dead suddenly, but when they watched for a long time and saw nothing bad happen to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god.
      7 Now in the neighborhood of that place were lands belonging to the chief man of the island, named Publius, who received us, and courteously entertained us for three days.
      8 It happened that the father of Publius lay sick of fever and dysentery. Paul entered in to him, prayed, and laying his hands on him, healed him.
      9 Then when this was done, the rest also who had diseases in the island came, and were cured.
      10 They also honored us with many honors, and when we sailed, they put on board the things that we needed.
      11 After three months, we set sail in a ship of Alexandria which had wintered in the island, whose sign was "The Twin Brothers."
      12 Touching at Syracuse, we stayed there three days.
      13 From there we circled around and arrived at Rhegium. After one day, a south wind sprang up, and on the second day we came to Puteoli,
      14 where we found brothers, and were entreated to stay with them for seven days. So we came to Rome.
      15 From there the brothers, when they heard of us, came to meet us as far as The Market of Appius and The Three Taverns. When Paul saw them, he thanked God, and took courage.
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