ROC, ROCHER

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On appelle roc une masse de pierre tenant à la terre, et rocher un roc volumineux, élevé et escarpé. Au pluriel, les rochers désignent les masses de pierres plus ou moins aiguës et élevées qui se rencontrent dans certaines régions, et, par extension, les régions rocheuses elles-mêmes.

Les rochers sont dus aux contractions de l'écorce terrestre qui ont brisé et redressé par places les roches primitives ou les roches déposées en couches, par les mers géologiques. Les rochers sont fort communs dans les régions montagneuses (voir Mont), mais il s'en trouve aussi très souvent dans des plaines basses, au bord de la mer et même dans ses profondeurs où ils constituent de dangereux écueils (Ac 27:29).

Les rochers sont en relation fréquente avec les sources d'eau (Ex 17:6, No 20:11, Ne 9:15, Ps 78:16 105:41, Esa 32:2), et il est dit poétiquement que le Seigneur peut changer le rocher en source ; voir (Ps 114:8, De 8:15) Source. Les rochers pouvaient offrir des abris invisibles ou inaccessibles (Ex 33:22,1Sa 13:6, Esa 2:10, Ap 6:15), fournir un refuge, assurer le salut (De 32:37, Ps 94:23 31:3 71:3, Esa 17:10 33:16,1Sa 13:6) ; dans les cavernes (voir ce mot) on pouvait même se loger (Esa 22:16, Jer 48:28 49:16, Jug 15:8). On ménageait parfois des sépulcres (voir Tombeau) dans les anfractuosités des rochers (Mr 5:5 15:46 et parallèle). Pour les inscriptions dans le roc d'après Job 19:24, voir Métaux. C'est sur le rocher qu'il faut bâtir, pour avoir une solide fondation (Mt 7:24, Jug 6:26).

Ces diverses propriétés du rocher, lieu d'asile, fondement inébranlable, ajoutées à sa dureté (Job 6:12, Eze 3:9), font nommer l'Éternel « le Rocher », (De 32:4-18,37,1Sa 2:2, Ps 18:2,31,46 19:14 28:1 42:10 62:3 73:26 78:35 92:15, Esa 17:10 44:8) le rocher d'Israël (2Sa 23:3, Esa 30:29), le rocher des siècles (Esa 26:4) ; le Christ est le rocher spirituel qui abreuve les âmes (1Co 10:4) ; comp, nos cantiques : Roc séculaire, etc. Maigre leur dureté, les rochers sont ébranlés par l'Éternel (Na 1:6, Mt 27:32). Poétiquement, l'huile et le miel coulent du rocher le plus dur (De 32:13, Job 29:6) ; un rocher nu exprime le dénuement complet (Eze 26:14). Voir Pierre.

Le Rocher de l'évasion (hébr., Séla-Hammakhle-qoth) était un point de repère du désert de Maon, près duquel Saül cessa de poursuivre David pour aller combattre les Philistins (1Sa 23:28). Les commentateurs se partagent entre les deux traductions :

(a) « De l'évasion », claire allusion à David qui échappe ici à Saül ; mais on ne connaît pas, pour la racine hébreu khâlaq, d'autre exemple de ce sens.

(b) « Des divisions », allusion moins claire à la séparation entre eux et entre leurs troupes respectives. Nos anciennes versions (Ost., Mart., etc.) conservaient le mot composé hébreu ; Sg., en le conservant aussi, en donne dans une note les deux traductions possibles.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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Versets relatifs

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  Exode 17
  
  6 Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Horeb. You shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, that the people may drink." Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel.
  
  Exode 33
  
  22 It will happen, while my glory passes by, that I will put you in a cleft of the rock, and will cover you with my hand until I have passed by;
  
  Nombres 20
  
  11 Moses lifted up his hand, and struck the rock with his rod twice: and water came forth abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their livestock.
  
  Juges 6
  
  26 and build an altar to Yahweh your God on the top of this stronghold, in an orderly way, and take the second bull, and offer a burnt offering with the wood of the Asherah which you shall cut down."
  
  Juges 15
  
  8 He struck them hip and thigh with a great slaughter: and he went down and lived in the cleft of the rock of Etam.
  
  1 Samuel 2
  
  2 There is no one as holy as Yahweh, For there is no one besides you, nor is there any rock like our God.
  
  1 Samuel 13
  
  6 When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait (for the people were distressed), then the people hid themselves in caves, and in thickets, and in rocks, and in coverts, and in pits.
  
  1 Samuel 23
  
  28 So Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Sela Hammahlekoth.
  
  2 Samuel 23
  
  3 The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spoke to me, 'One who rules over men righteously, who rules in the fear of God,
  
  Néhémie 9
  
  15 and gave them bread from the sky for their hunger, and brought forth water for them out of the rock for their thirst, and commanded them that they should go in to possess the land which you had sworn to give them.
  
  Job 6
  
  12 Is my strength the strength of stones? Or is my flesh of brass?
  
  Job 19
  
  24 That with an iron pen and lead they were engraved in the rock forever!
  
  Job 29
  
  6 when my steps were washed with butter, and the rock poured out streams of oil for me,
  
  Psaumes 18
  
  2 Yahweh is my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my rock, in whom I take refuge; my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my high tower.
  
  31 For who is God, except Yahweh? Who is a rock, besides our God,
  
  46 Yahweh lives; and blessed be my rock. Exalted be the God of my salvation,
  
  Psaumes 19
  
  14 Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in your sight, Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer.
  
  Psaumes 28
  
  1 <> To you, Yahweh, I call. My rock, don't be deaf to me; lest, if you are silent to me, I would become like those who go down into the pit.
  
  Psaumes 31
  
  3 For you are my rock and my fortress, therefore for your name's sake lead me and guide me.
  
  Psaumes 42
  
  10 As with a sword in my bones, my adversaries reproach me, while they continually ask me, "Where is your God?"
  
  Psaumes 62
  
  3 How long will you assault a man, would all of you throw him down, Like a leaning wall, like a tottering fence?
  
  Psaumes 71
  
  3 Be to me a rock of refuge to which I may always go. Give the command to save me, for you are my rock and my fortress.
  
  Psaumes 73
  
  26 My flesh and my heart fails, but God is the strength of my heart and my portion forever.
  
  Psaumes 78
  
  16 He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to run down like rivers.
  
  35 They remembered that God was their rock, the Most High God, their redeemer.
  
  Psaumes 92
  
  15 to show that Yahweh is upright. He is my rock, and there is no unrighteousness in him.
  
  Psaumes 94
  
  23 He has brought on them their own iniquity, and will cut them off in their own wickedness. Yahweh, our God, will cut them off.
  
  Psaumes 105
  
  41 He opened the rock, and waters gushed out. They ran as a river in the dry places.
  
  Psaumes 114
  
  8 who turned the rock into a pool of water, the flint into a spring of waters.
  
  Esaïe 2
  
  10 Enter into the rock, and hide in the dust, from before the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty.
  
  Esaïe 17
  
  10 For you have forgotten the God of your salvation, and have not remembered the rock of your strength. Therefore you plant pleasant plants, and set out foreign seedlings.
  
  Esaïe 22
  
  16 'What are you doing here? Who has you here, that you have dug out a tomb here?' Cutting himself out a tomb on high, chiseling a habitation for himself in the rock!"
  
  Esaïe 26
  
  4 Trust in Yahweh forever; for in Yah, Yahweh, is an everlasting Rock.
  
  Esaïe 30
  
  29 You will have a song, as in the night when a holy feast is kept; and gladness of heart, as when one goes with a flute to come to Yahweh's mountain, to Israel's Rock.
  
  Esaïe 32
  
  2 A man shall be as a hiding place from the wind, and a covert from the storm, as streams of water in a dry place, as the shade of a large rock in a weary land.
  
  Esaïe 33
  
  16 he will dwell on high. His place of defense will be the fortress of rocks. His bread will be supplied. His waters will be sure.
  
  Esaïe 44
  
  8 Don't fear, neither be afraid. Haven't I declared it to you long ago, and shown it? You are my witnesses. Is there a God besides me? Indeed, there is not. I don't know any other Rock."
  
  Jérémie 48
  
  28 You inhabitants of Moab, leave the cities, and dwell in the rock; and be like the dove that makes her nest over the mouth of the abyss.
  
  Jérémie 49
  
  16 As for your terror, the pride of your heart has deceived you, O you who dwell in the clefts of the rock, who hold the height of the hill: though you should make your nest as high as the eagle, I will bring you down from there, says Yahweh.
  
  Ezéchiel 3
  
  9 As an adamant harder than flint have I made your forehead: don't be afraid of them, neither be dismayed at their looks, though they are a rebellious house.
  
  Ezéchiel 26
  
  14 I will make you a bare rock; you shall be a place for the spreading of nets; you shall be built no more: for I Yahweh have spoken it, says the Lord Yahweh.
  
  Nahum 1
  
  6 Who can stand before his indignation? Who can endure the fierceness of his anger? His wrath is poured out like fire, and the rocks are broken apart by him.
  
  Matthieu 7
  
  24 "Everyone therefore who hears these words of mine, and does them, I will liken him to a wise man, who built his house on a rock.
  
  Matthieu 27
  
  32 As they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name, and they compelled him to go with them, that he might carry his cross.
  
  Marc 5
  
  5 Always, night and day, in the tombs and in the mountains, he was crying out, and cutting himself with stones.
  
  Marc 15
  
  46 He bought a linen cloth, and taking him down, wound him in the linen cloth, and laid him in a tomb which had been cut out of a rock. He rolled a stone against the door of the tomb.
  
  Actes 27
  
  29 Fearing that we would run aground on rocky ground, they let go four anchors from the stern, and wished for daylight.
  
  1 Corinthiens 10
  
  4 and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ.
  
  Apocalypse 6
  
  15 The kings of the earth, the princes, the commanding officers, the rich, the strong, and every slave and free person, hid themselves in the caves and in the rocks of the mountains.

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