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SÉDÉCIAS

(hébreu Tsidqiyâh, Tsidqiyâhou =JHVH est juste).

1. Un des prophètes de la cour d'Achab ; décida ce roi, malgré l'opposition du prophète Michée fils de Jimla, à faire campagne contre les Syriens (1Ro 22:11,34,2Ch 18:10,23).

2. Autre faux prophète, au temps de Jérémie ; condamné par celui-ci, ainsi qu'un certain Achab, pour leur immoralité et leurs prophéties mensongères (Jer 29:21,23).

3. Un des chefs sous le roi Jéhojakim (Jer 36:12).

4. Un des prêtres qui apposèrent leur sceau à l'alliance de Néhémie (Ne 10:1).

5. Dernier roi de Juda, fils de Josias (1Ch 3:15 : si au verset 16, dans le titre « fils de Jéchonias », fils équivaut à successeur, il s'agit encore du fils de Josias, mais ce peut être une addition postérieure).

Ce roi Sédécias, qui succéda à son neveu Jojakin, détrôné et emmené captif à Babylone en 597, était le fils cadet de Josias. Il fut mis sur le trône par Nébucadnetsar, qui changea son nom de Matthania en celui de Sédécias, sans qu'on puisse indiquer la raison de ce changement. Il dut prêter le serment de vassal à son suzerain le roi caldéen (Eze 17:13-19) ; il avait 21 ans lors de son élévation au trône et régna 11 ans (597-586). D'un caractère faible et vacillant, soumis aux mauvaises influences de son entourage, hors d'état de résister aux intrigues politiques qui s'ourdissaient alors à Jérusalem, il était le prince le moins capable d'affronter l'orage qui allait fondre sur Juda. Des conseillers mal inspirés et des faux prophètes fanatiques prédisaient au peuple la chute prochaine de l'ennemi étranger, en contradiction formelle avec les déclarations les plus énergiques de Jérémie, le fidèle héraut de Yahvé.

La cour de Sédécias devint bien vite le centre de la réaction et des complots contre le pouvoir caldéen. Dès la 4 e année du règne de Sédécias, on voit des messagers d'Édom, de Moab, d'Ammon, de Tyr et de Sidon réunis à Jérusalem pour aviser aux moyens de secouer le joug étranger (Jer 27:3 et suivant). Jérémie les adjure alors de ne pas écouter les avis dangereux des faux prophètes qui prêchent la révolte, et il les exhorte, au contraire, à supporter leur état de vassalité vis-à-vis de Babylone, seul moyen de sauvegarder leur existence nationale. A ce moment-là, il semble que l'on ait abandonné tout projet de soulèvement. Sédécias, sans doute dans le dessein de dissiper tout sentiment de défiance dans l'esprit du roi caldéen, lui envoie d'abord une ambassade pour l'assurer de son loyalisme, en même temps qu'elle portait aux Judéens de la captivité une lettre par laquelle Jérémie leur prêchait la soumission, les mettait en garde contre l'influence des faux prophètes et leur faisait, pour l'avenir, des promesses dont il fallait attendre en paix la réalisation (Jer 29). Il semble en outre que, peu après, Sédécias ait été appelé à venir lui-même à Babylone pour se justifier des soupçons qui pesaient sur lui (Jer 51:59) ; il aurait alors regagné la confiance de son suzerain, et, durant les quelques années qui suivent, aucune velléité d'émancipation ne se manifeste.

Mais, en la 9 e année du règne de Sédécias (588), au moment où monte sur le trône d'Egypte un nouveau pharaon, Apriès I er (le Hophra de Jer 44:30), sur l'appui duquel on croyait pouvoir compter, la révolte du roi de Juda, auquel se joignirent ceux de Tyr et d'Ammon, éclata contre le pouvoir caldéen. D'après Eze 17:15, Sédécias envoya des messagers au pharaon pour lui demander des secours en hommes et en chevaux. Nébucadnetsar se hâta de marcher contre les rebelles. Établissant son quartier général à Ribla sur l'Oronte, il dirigea une partie de son armée contre Tyr, l'autre contre Juda, et vint mettre le siège devant Jérusalem. La ville fut entourée de puissants travaux d'approche. On y prit toutes les mesures nécessaires pour soutenir un long siège ; pour augmenter le nombre des défenseurs de la ville, on rendit la liberté aux esclaves hébreux qui avaient été jusqu'alors maintenus en servitude, au mépris des prescriptions formelles de la loi israélite (Jer 34). On apprit tout à coup que le pharaon Apriès approchait avec une forte armée pour se mesurer avec le roi caldéen. La joie fut grande à Jérusalem ; la délivrance apparut toute proche et l'on crut voir là le bras de Yahvé venant au secours de sa cité sainte.

Revenant sur la mesure de justice qu'on venait de prendre à l'égard des esclaves hébreux, on les replaça sous le joug de la servitude. Nébucadnetsar, à l'approche du pharaon, leva le siège et se dirigea vers le nord. Mais cette joie fut de courte durée, et le puissant monarque caldéen, oui n'avait pas lieu de craindre beaucoup les Égyptiens, revint bientôt devant Jérusalem. La ville connut alors toutes les horreurs d'un investissement complet et prolongé. Ses habitants montrèrent une vaillance admirable et souffrirent bientôt de la famine ; d'après La 2:19-22 4:10. on vit des mères dévorer leurs enfants. Lorsque la détresse fut à son comble, les Caldéens donnèrent l'assaut au mur d'enceinte qu'avait élevé Ézéchias. Tandis que les troupes assaillantes entraient dans la ville par le N., Sédécias et ses gens de guerre tentèrent de s'échapper en sortant par le S. -E., à l'angle des jardins royaux, et cherchèrent, en gagnant les bords du Jourdain, à passer sur le territoire de la Pérée. Mais ils furent rejoints près de Jérico ; les hommes d'armes furent massacrés ; le roi, fait prisonnier, fut emmené à Ribla devant Nébucadnetsar, et là, il dut assister à la mise à mort de ses fils ; puis, après avoir contemplé ce tragique spectacle, il eut les veux crevés et fut emmené dans les chaînes à Babylone. L'impitoyable cruauté du vainqueur faisait expier ainsi sa rébellion au roi vaincu.

Pendant un mois, la ville fut livrée au pillage et à l'incendie ; on combattit pied à pied, de rue en rue. Alors que la première brèche avait été faite le 9 e jour du 4° mois de la 11° année de Sédécias, ce ne fut que le 7° jour du 5° mois que les vainqueurs vinrent à bout de cette héroïque résistance. On ne sait pas combien de temps le roi captif survécut à tous ces désastres, qui mirent fin au royaume judéen : Jer 52:11 mentionne seulement le fait qu'il fut maintenu en prison jusqu'au jour de sa mort. Ant. -J. B.

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      Lévitique 7

      1 "'This is the law of the trespass offering. It is most holy.
      2 In the place where they kill the burnt offering, he shall kill the trespass offering; and its blood he shall sprinkle around on the altar.
      3 He shall offer all of its fat: the fat tail, and the fat that covers the innards,
      4 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, shall he take away;
      5 and the priest shall burn them on the altar for an offering made by fire to Yahweh: it is a trespass offering.
      6 Every male among the priests may eat of it. It shall be eaten in a holy place. It is most holy.
      7 "'As is the sin offering, so is the trespass offering; there is one law for them. The priest who makes atonement with them shall have it.
      8 The priest who offers any man's burnt offering, even the priest shall have for himself the skin of the burnt offering which he has offered.
      9 Every meal offering that is baked in the oven, and all that is dressed in the pan, and on the griddle, shall be the priest's who offers it.
      10 Every meal offering, mixed with oil or dry, belongs to all the sons of Aaron, one as well as another.
      11 "'This is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which one shall offer to Yahweh.
      12 If he offers it for a thanksgiving, then he shall offer with the sacrifice of thanksgiving unleavened cakes mixed with oil, and unleavened wafers anointed with oil, and cakes mixed with oil.
      13 With cakes of leavened bread he shall offer his offering with the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanksgiving.
      14 Of it he shall offer one out of each offering for a heave offering to Yahweh. It shall be the priest's who sprinkles the blood of the peace offerings.
      15 The flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanksgiving shall be eaten on the day of his offering. He shall not leave any of it until the morning.
      16 "'But if the sacrifice of his offering is a vow, or a freewill offering, it shall be eaten on the day that he offers his sacrifice; and on the next day what remains of it shall be eaten:
      17 but what remains of the flesh of the sacrifice on the third day shall be burned with fire.
      18 If any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings is eaten on the third day, it will not be accepted, neither shall it be imputed to him who offers it. It will be an abomination, and the soul who eats any of it will bear his iniquity.
      19 "'The flesh that touches any unclean thing shall not be eaten. It shall be burned with fire. As for the flesh, everyone who is clean may eat it;
      20 but the soul who eats of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, that belongs to Yahweh, having his uncleanness on him, that soul shall be cut off from his people.
      21 When anyone touches any unclean thing, the uncleanness of man, or an unclean animal, or any unclean abomination, and eats some of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which belong to Yahweh, that soul shall be cut off from his people.'"
      22 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      23 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'You shall eat no fat, of bull, or sheep, or goat.
      24 The fat of that which dies of itself, and the fat of that which is torn of animals, may be used for any other service, but you shall in no way eat of it.
      25 For whoever eats the fat of the animal, of which men offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh, even the soul who eats it shall be cut off from his people.
      26 You shall not eat any blood, whether it is of bird or of animal, in any of your dwellings.
      27 Whoever it is who eats any blood, that soul shall be cut off from his people.'"
      28 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      29 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'He who offers the sacrifice of his peace offerings to Yahweh shall bring his offering to Yahweh out of the sacrifice of his peace offerings.
      30 With his own hands he shall bring the offerings of Yahweh made by fire. He shall bring the fat with the breast, that the breast may be waved for a wave offering before Yahweh.
      31 The priest shall burn the fat on the altar, but the breast shall be Aaron's and his sons'.
      32 The right thigh you shall give to the priest for a heave offering out of the sacrifices of your peace offerings.
      33 He among the sons of Aaron who offers the blood of the peace offerings, and the fat, shall have the right thigh for a portion.
      34 For the waved breast and the heaved thigh I have taken from the children of Israel out of the sacrifices of their peace offerings, and have given them to Aaron the priest and to his sons as their portion forever from the children of Israel.'"
      35 This is the anointing portion of Aaron, and the anointing portion of his sons, out of the offerings of Yahweh made by fire, in the day when he presented them to minister to Yahweh in the priest's office;
      36 which Yahweh commanded to be given them of the children of Israel, in the day that he anointed them. It is their portion forever throughout their generations.
      37 This is the law of the burnt offering, of the meal offering, and of the sin offering, and of the trespass offering, and of the consecration, and of the sacrifice of peace offerings;
      38 which Yahweh commanded Moses in Mount Sinai, in the day that he commanded the children of Israel to offer their offerings to Yahweh, in the wilderness of Sinai.

      Lévitique 9

      1 It happened on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of Israel;
      2 and he said to Aaron, "Take a calf from the herd for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before Yahweh.
      3 You shall speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'Take a male goat for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both a year old, without blemish, for a burnt offering;
      4 and a bull and a ram for peace offerings, to sacrifice before Yahweh; and a meal offering mixed with oil: for today Yahweh appears to you.'"
      5 They brought what Moses commanded before the Tent of Meeting: and all the congregation drew near and stood before Yahweh.
      6 Moses said, "This is the thing which Yahweh commanded that you should do: and the glory of Yahweh shall appear to you."
      7 Moses said to Aaron, "Draw near to the altar, and offer your sin offering, and your burnt offering, and make atonement for yourself, and for the people; and offer the offering of the people, and make atonement for them; as Yahweh commanded."
      8 So Aaron drew near to the altar, and killed the calf of the sin offering, which was for himself.
      9 The sons of Aaron presented the blood to him; and he dipped his finger in the blood, and put it on the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at the base of the altar:
      10 but the fat, and the kidneys, and the cover from the liver of the sin offering, he burned upon the altar; as Yahweh commanded Moses.
      11 The flesh and the skin he burned with fire outside the camp.
      12 He killed the burnt offering; and Aaron's sons delivered the blood to him, and he sprinkled it around on the altar.
      13 They delivered the burnt offering to him, piece by piece, and the head: and he burned them upon the altar.
      14 He washed the innards and the legs, and burned them on the burnt offering on the altar.
      15 He presented the people's offering, and took the goat of the sin offering which was for the people, and killed it, and offered it for sin, like the first.
      16 He presented the burnt offering, and offered it according to the ordinance.
      17 He presented the meal offering, and filled his hand from there, and burned it upon the altar, besides the burnt offering of the morning.
      18 He also killed the bull and the ram, the sacrifice of peace offerings, which was for the people: and Aaron's sons delivered to him the blood, which he sprinkled around on the altar,
      19 and the fat of the bull and of the ram, the fat tail, and that which covers the innards, and the kidneys, and the cover of the liver:
      20 and they put the fat upon the breasts, and he burned the fat on the altar:
      21 and the breasts and the right thigh Aaron waved for a wave offering before Yahweh, as Moses commanded.
      22 Aaron lifted up his hands toward the people, and blessed them; and he came down from offering the sin offering, and the burnt offering, and the peace offerings.
      23 Moses and Aaron went into the Tent of Meeting, and came out, and blessed the people: and the glory of Yahweh appeared to all the people.
      24 There came forth fire from before Yahweh, and consumed the burnt offering and the fat upon the altar: and when all the people saw it, they shouted, and fell on their faces.

      1 Chroniques 3

      15 The sons of Josiah: the firstborn Johanan, the second Jehoiakim, the third Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum.

      2 Chroniques 18

      10 Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah made him horns of iron, and said, "Thus says Yahweh, 'With these you shall push the Syrians, until they are consumed.'"

      Néhémie 10

      1 Now those who sealed were: Nehemiah the governor, the son of Hacaliah, and Zedekiah,

      Jérémie 27

      3 and send them to the king of Edom, and to the king of Moab, and to the king of the children of Ammon, and to the king of Tyre, and to the king of Sidon, by the hand of the messengers who come to Jerusalem to Zedekiah king of Judah;

      Jérémie 29

      1 Now these are the words of the letter that Jeremiah the prophet sent from Jerusalem to the residue of the elders of the captivity, and to the priests, to the prophets, and to all the people, whom Nebuchadnezzar had carried away captive from Jerusalem to Babylon,
      2 (after that Jeconiah the king, the queen mother, the eunuchs, the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, the craftsmen, and the smiths, had departed from Jerusalem),
      3 by the hand of Elasah the son of Shaphan, and Gemariah the son of Hilkiah, (whom Zedekiah king of Judah sent to Babylon to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon), saying,
      4 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, to all the captivity, whom I have caused to be carried away captive from Jerusalem to Babylon:
      5 Build houses, and dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat their fruit.
      6 Take wives, and father sons and daughters; and take wives for your sons, and give your daughters to husbands, that they may bear sons and daughters; and multiply there, and don't be diminished.
      7 Seek the peace of the city where I have caused you to be carried away captive, and pray to Yahweh for it; for in its peace you shall have peace.
      8 For thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: Don't let your prophets who are in the midst of you, and your diviners, deceive you; neither listen to your dreams which you cause to be dreamed.
      9 For they prophesy falsely to you in my name: I have not sent them, says Yahweh.
      10 For thus says Yahweh, After seventy years are accomplished for Babylon, I will visit you, and perform my good word toward you, in causing you to return to this place.
      11 For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says Yahweh, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you hope and a future.
      12 You shall call on me, and you shall go and pray to me, and I will listen to you.
      13 You shall seek me, and find me, when you shall search for me with all your heart.
      14 I will be found by you, says Yahweh, and I will turn again your captivity, and I will gather you from all the nations, and from all the places where I have driven you, says Yahweh; and I will bring you again to the place from where I caused you to be carried away captive.
      15 Because you have said, Yahweh has raised us up prophets in Babylon;
      16 thus says Yahweh concerning the king who sits on the throne of David, and concerning all the people who dwell in this city, your brothers who haven't gone forth with you into captivity;
      17 thus says Yahweh of Armies; Behold, I will send on them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, and will make them like vile figs, that can't be eaten, they are so bad.
      18 I will pursue after them with the sword, with the famine, and with the pestilence, and will deliver them to be tossed back and forth among all the kingdoms of the earth, to be an object of horror, and an astonishment, and a hissing, and a reproach, among all the nations where I have driven them;
      19 because they have not listened to my words, says Yahweh, with which I sent to them my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them; but you would not hear, says Yahweh.
      20 Hear therefore the word of Yahweh, all you of the captivity, whom I have sent away from Jerusalem to Babylon.
      21 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, concerning Ahab the son of Kolaiah, and concerning Zedekiah the son of Maaseiah, who prophesy a lie to you in my name: Behold, I will deliver them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon; and he shall kill them before your eyes;
      22 and of them shall be taken up a curse by all the captives of Judah who are in Babylon, saying, Yahweh make you like Zedekiah and like Ahab, whom the king of Babylon roasted in the fire;
      23 because they have worked folly in Israel, and have committed adultery with their neighbors' wives, and have spoken words in my name falsely, which I didn't command them; and I am he who knows, and am witness, says Yahweh.
      24 Concerning Shemaiah the Nehelamite you shall speak, saying,
      25 Thus speaks Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, saying, Because you have sent letters in your own name to all the people who are at Jerusalem, and to Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah, the priest, and to all the priests, saying,
      26 Yahweh has made you priest in the place of Jehoiada the priest, that there may be officers in the house of Yahweh, for every man who is mad, and makes himself a prophet, that you should put him in the stocks and in shackles.
      27 Now therefore, why have you not rebuked Jeremiah of Anathoth, who makes himself a prophet to you,
      28 because he has sent to us in Babylon, saying, The captivity is long: build houses, and dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat their fruit?
      29 Zephaniah the priest read this letter in the ears of Jeremiah the prophet.
      30 Then came the word of Yahweh to Jeremiah, saying,
      31 Send to all them of the captivity, saying, Thus says Yahweh concerning Shemaiah the Nehelamite: Because Shemaiah has prophesied to you, and I didn't send him, and he has caused you to trust in a lie;
      32 therefore thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will punish Shemaiah the Nehelamite, and his seed; he shall not have a man to dwell among this people, neither shall he see the good that I will do to my people, says Yahweh, because he has spoken rebellion against Yahweh.

      Jérémie 34

      1 The word which came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, when Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and all his army, and all the kingdoms of the earth that were under his dominion, and all the peoples, were fighting against Jerusalem, and against all the cities of it, saying:
      2 Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, Go, and speak to Zedekiah king of Judah, and tell him, Thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall burn it with fire:
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