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SOMMEIL

Le sommeil, fonction naturelle indispensable au repos du corps et de l'esprit, est une suspension momentanée des manifestations de la vie animale, durant laquelle se poursuit dans l'inconscience la vie végétative et, jusqu'à un certain point, la vie mentale. Chez les tout petits, le sommeil prend les deux tiers de l'existence. Chez les adultes, sept à huit heures de sommeil suffisent. L'abus du sommeil et l'insomnie prolongée produisent des effets déprimants. Ils introduisent le désordre dans le fonctionnement de l'être en déshabituant les muscles et le système nerveux de travailler normalement. Le corps et l'âme en sont également affectés.

La Bible parle fréquemment du sommeil et en tire de suggestives métaphores.

Au sens propre, on y trouve le sommeil :

d'Adam (Ge 2:21), de Jacob (Ge 28:11), d'Élie (1Ro 19:5), de Joseph (Mt 1:24), de Jésus (Mr 4:39, Lu 8:24), des apôtres (Mt 26:40) et le sommeil d'Eutyche, qui tombe par la fenêtre (Ac 20:9).

Un bon sommeil est la récompense :

du travail (Ec 5:12), d'une bonne conscience (Sir 31:20), de la confiance en Dieu. (cf. Ps 121:4)
Par contre les passions, les préoccupations, la méditation, l'envie, le chagrin, les intentions criminelles, l'intempérance troublent le sommeil et le chassent. (Da 6:18, Ec 8:16 Sir 40:5 42:9 31:1,1Ma 6:10, Pr 4:16 etc.)

--Le sommeil déliant l'organisme de toute emprise de la personnalité, libère en l'homme le subconscient et rend celui-ci plus accessible aux influences spirituelles. Aussi l'humanité a-t-elle, par un sûr instinct, pensé dès les temps primitifs que la divinité pouvait agir sur l'homme pendant qu'il dormait et l'instruire au moyen de songes.

La Bible, en particulier l'A.T., donne aux songes une grande valeur pédagogique (cf. le discours d'Élihu dans Job 33:14,18) et rapporte plusieurs songes qui sont restes historiques :

celui de Jacob (Ge 28:12), de Joseph (Ge 37:5), du Pharaon (Ge 41:1,14), de Salomon (1Ro 3:5), ceux que Daniel eut à expliquer (Da 1:17 etc.), ceux de l'Évangile de l'enfance (Mt 1 et Mt 2), celui de la femme de Pilate (Mt 27:19), etc.
--La Bible considérant le sommeil comme une nécessité quotidienne dont le retour régulier rythme la vie, emploie l'expression « se lever et se coucher » pour marquer le cadre de l'activité journalière. (De 6:7, Mr 4:27)

--Les Hébreux dormaient tantôt sur des lits (Le 15:4,2Sa 17:28,2Ch 22:11 etc.), tantôt sur des grabats, sortes de lits de camp ou de légers brancards avec cadre en bois soutenant des sangles, (cf. Mr 2:3 6:55, Ac 5:15 9:33) ce qui permet à Jésus de dire en deux occasions au malade qu'il a guéri : « Prends ton lit » (Jn 5:8, Mt 9:6). Les pauvres devaient, comme chez les peuples voisins, dormir sur des nattes de jonc.

Jésus, dans sa parabole de Mt 25:5, parle du sommeil des dix vierges. On a interprété ce sommeil, soit comme un relâchement dans la foi, soit comme une « distraction causée par les occupations du monde » (Calvin), soit comme une chute morale, soit comme le moment de la mort physique. Comme toute l'application de la parabole se résume dans le mot « veillez », il est probable que Jésus, par ce sommeil, a voulu marquer le peu de persévérance que les hommes montrent dans les occasions où Jésus leur semble faire attendre l'effet de ses promesses, et l'indifférence qu'ils manifestent à l'égard du moment certain où « Jésus viendra » ; qu'il s'agisse de leur mort, ou de Son retour glorieux.

Par extension, le sommeil, qui a tous les signes d'une mort transitoire, est employé dans la Bible comme l'image du repos de la tombe ; d'où les expressions :

« dormir avec ses pères », « se coucher avec ses pères », « s'endormir de son dernier sommeil », « dormir son sommeil éternel », « dormir dans la poussière » (Ge 47:30, De 31:16,2Sa 7:12,1Ro 11:43, cf. 1Th 4:13,1Co 7:39 11:30,2Pi 3:4, etc.).
--L'expression « dormir », pour « être mort », est aussi employée par Jésus dans Jn 11:11 ; cf. Mt 9:24 27:52.

--L'état de sommeil étant celui de l'inconscience et de l'inaction, les Hébreux attribuent parfois au sommeil de Dieu les retards de son intervention ; d'où les adjurations des psalmistes :

« Réveille-toi ! pourquoi dors-tu, Seigneur ? » (Ps 44:24), « Réveille-toi, réveille-toi pour me faire justice ! » (Ps 35:23) « Réveille-toi, bras de l'Éternel ! » (Ps 7:7, Esa 51:9).
Par contre, ce qui rassure le pèlerin pendant son voyage et avec lui tout Israélite fidèle, c'est que : « Il ne sommeille ni ne dort, celui qui garde Israël ». (Ps 121:4)

--A l'activité de Dieu doit répondre l'activité de ses fidèles : « Réveille-toi, réveille-toi, Jérusalem ! » (Esa 51:17,52:1), etc.

--Enfin, l'image du sommeil est employée pour exprimer la torpeur de l'âme, l'état de mort spirituelle des pécheurs qui n'ont pas répondu à l'appel de Jésus, et la coupable indifférence des chrétiens qui ont laissé s'éteindre en eux toute flamme d'activité spirituelle. Ici, nous avons le texte classique de Paul dans Eph 5:14 : « Réveille-toi, toi qui dors, et te relève d'entre les morts, et Christ t'éclairera. » C'est de l'ensemble de ces textes et de leur application métaphorique que sont nées les expressions courantes dans le monde religieux : théologie du Réveil, réunion de réveil, revivalisme, etc.

--Voir Songe, Divination, Lit.

Alex. W.

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      Genèse 2

      21 Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall on the man, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in its place.

      Genèse 28

      11 He came to a certain place, and stayed there all night, because the sun had set. He took one of the stones of the place, and put it under his head, and lay down in that place to sleep.
      12 He dreamed. Behold, a stairway set upon the earth, and its top reached to heaven. Behold, the angels of God ascending and descending on it.

      Genèse 37

      5 Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told it to his brothers, and they hated him all the more.

      Genèse 41

      1 It happened at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh dreamed: and behold, he stood by the river.
      14 Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon. He shaved himself, changed his clothing, and came in to Pharaoh.

      Genèse 47

      30 but when I sleep with my fathers, you shall carry me out of Egypt, and bury me in their burying place." He said, "I will do as you have said."

      Lévitique 15

      4 "'Every bed whereon he who has the discharge lies shall be unclean; and everything he sits on shall be unclean.

      2 Samuel 7

      12 When your days are fulfilled, and you shall sleep with your fathers, I will set up your seed after you, who shall proceed out of your bowels, and I will establish his kingdom.

      2 Samuel 17

      28 brought beds, basins, earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans, lentils, roasted grain,

      2 Chroniques 22

      11 But Jehoshabeath, the daughter of the king, took Joash the son of Ahaziah, and stole him away from among the king's sons who were slain, and put him and his nurse in the bedroom. So Jehoshabeath, the daughter of king Jehoram, the wife of Jehoiada the priest (for she was the sister of Ahaziah), hid him from Athaliah, so that she didn't kill him.

      Job 33

      14 For God speaks once, yes twice, though man pays no attention.
      18 He keeps back his soul from the pit, and his life from perishing by the sword.

      Psaumes 7

      7 Let the congregation of the peoples surround you. Rule over them on high.

      Psaumes 35

      23 Wake up! Rise up to defend me, my God! My Lord, contend for me!

      Psaumes 44

      24 Why do you hide your face, and forget our affliction and our oppression?

      Psaumes 121

      4 Behold, he who keeps Israel will neither slumber nor sleep.

      Proverbes 4

      16 For they don't sleep, unless they do evil. Their sleep is taken away, unless they make someone fall.

      Ecclésiaste 5

      12 The sleep of a laboring man is sweet, whether he eats little or much; but the abundance of the rich will not allow him to sleep.

      Ecclésiaste 8

      16 When I applied my heart to know wisdom, and to see the business that is done on the earth (for also there is that neither day nor night sees sleep with his eyes),

      Esaïe 51

      9 Awake, awake, put on strength, arm of Yahweh; awake, as in the days of old, the generations of ancient times. Isn't it you who cut Rahab in pieces, who pierced the monster?
      17 Awake, awake, stand up, Jerusalem, that have drunk at the hand of Yahweh the cup of his wrath; you have drunken the bowl of the cup of staggering, and drained it.

      Esaïe 52

      1 Awake, awake, put on your strength, Zion; put on your beautiful garments, Jerusalem, the holy city: for henceforth there shall no more come into you the uncircumcised and the unclean.

      Daniel 1

      17 Now as for these four youths, God gave them knowledge and skill in all learning and wisdom: and Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams.

      Daniel 6

      18 Then the king went to his palace, and passed the night fasting; neither were instruments of music brought before him: and his sleep fled from him.

      Matthieu 1

      1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ , the son of David, the son of Abraham.
      2 Abraham became the father of Isaac. Isaac became the father of Jacob. Jacob became the father of Judah and his brothers.
      3 Judah became the father of Perez and Zerah by Tamar. Perez became the father of Hezron. Hezron became the father of Ram.
      4 Ram became the father of Amminadab. Amminadab became the father of Nahshon. Nahshon became the father of Salmon.
      5 Salmon became the father of Boaz by Rahab. Boaz became the father of Obed by Ruth. Obed became the father of Jesse.
      6 Jesse became the father of King David. David became the father of Solomon by her who had been the wife of Uriah.
      7 Solomon became the father of Rehoboam. Rehoboam became the father of Abijah. Abijah became the father of Asa.
      8 Asa became the father of Jehoshaphat. Jehoshaphat became the father of Joram. Joram became the father of Uzziah.
      9 Uzziah became the father of Jotham. Jotham became the father of Ahaz. Ahaz became the father of Hezekiah.
      10 Hezekiah became the father of Manasseh. Manasseh became the father of Amon. Amon became the father of Josiah.
      11 Josiah became the father of Jechoniah and his brothers, at the time of the exile to Babylon.
      12 After the exile to Babylon, Jechoniah became the father of Shealtiel. Shealtiel became the father of Zerubbabel.
      13 Zerubbabel became the father of Abiud. Abiud became the father of Eliakim. Eliakim became the father of Azor.
      14 Azor became the father of Sadoc. Sadoc became the father of Achim. Achim became the father of Eliud.
      15 Eliud became the father of Eleazar. Eleazar became the father of Matthan. Matthan became the father of Jacob.
      16 Jacob became the father of Joseph, the husband of Mary, from whom was born Jesus , who is called Christ.
      17 So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; from David to the exile to Babylon fourteen generations; and from the carrying away to Babylon to the Christ, fourteen generations.
      18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ was like this; for after his mother, Mary, was engaged to Joseph, before they came together, she was found pregnant by the Holy Spirit.
      19 Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man, and not willing to make her a public example, intended to put her away secretly.
      20 But when he thought about these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take to yourself Mary, your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.
      21 She shall bring forth a son. You shall call his name Jesus, for it is he who shall save his people from their sins."
      22 Now all this has happened, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying,
      23 "Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son. They shall call his name Immanuel"; which is, being interpreted, "God with us."
      24 Joseph arose from his sleep, and did as the angel of the Lord commanded him, and took his wife to himself;
      25 and didn't know her sexually until she had brought forth her firstborn son. He named him Jesus.

      Matthieu 2

      1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of King Herod, behold, wise men from the east came to Jerusalem, saying,
      2 "Where is he who is born King of the Jews? For we saw his star in the east, and have come to worship him."
      3 When King Herod heard it, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him.
      4 Gathering together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he asked them where the Christ would be born.
      5 They said to him, "In Bethlehem of Judea, for this is written through the prophet,
      6 'You Bethlehem, land of Judah, are in no way least among the princes of Judah: for out of you shall come forth a governor, who shall shepherd my people, Israel.'"
      7 Then Herod secretly called the wise men, and learned from them exactly what time the star appeared.
      8 He sent them to Bethlehem, and said, "Go and search diligently for the young child. When you have found him, bring me word, so that I also may come and worship him."
      9 They, having heard the king, went their way; and behold, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, until it came and stood over where the young child was.
      10 When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceedingly great joy.
      11 They came into the house and saw the young child with Mary, his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Opening their treasures, they offered to him gifts: gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
      12 Being warned in a dream that they shouldn't return to Herod, they went back to their own country another way.
      13 Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, "Arise and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and stay there until I tell you, for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him."
      14 He arose and took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt,
      15 and was there until the death of Herod; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, "Out of Egypt I called my son."
      16 Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked by the wise men, was exceedingly angry, and sent out, and killed all the male children who were in Bethlehem and in all the surrounding countryside, from two years old and under, according to the exact time which he had learned from the wise men.
      17 Then that which was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled, saying,
      18 "A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children; she wouldn't be comforted, because they are no more."
      19 But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, saying,
      20 "Arise and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel, for those who sought the young child's life are dead."
      21 He arose and took the young child and his mother, and came into the land of Israel.
      22 But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the place of his father, Herod, he was afraid to go there. Being warned in a dream, he withdrew into the region of Galilee,
      23 and came and lived in a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through the prophets: "He will be called a Nazarene."

      Matthieu 9

      6 But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins..." (then he said to the paralytic), "Get up, and take up your mat, and go up to your house."
      24 he said to them, "Make room, because the girl isn't dead, but sleeping." They were ridiculing him.

      Matthieu 25

      5 Now while the bridegroom delayed, they all slumbered and slept.

      Matthieu 26

      40 He came to the disciples, and found them sleeping, and said to Peter, "What, couldn't you watch with me for one hour?

      Matthieu 27

      19 While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent to him, saying, "Have nothing to do with that righteous man, for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him."
      52 The tombs were opened, and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised;

      Marc 2

      3 Four people came, carrying a paralytic to him.

      Marc 4

      27 and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed should spring up and grow, he doesn't know how.
      39 He awoke, and rebuked the wind, and said to the sea, "Peace! Be still!" The wind ceased, and there was a great calm.

      Marc 6

      55 and ran around that whole region, and began to bring those who were sick, on their mats, to where they heard he was.

      Luc 8

      24 They came to him, and awoke him, saying, "Master, master, we are dying!" He awoke, and rebuked the wind and the raging of the water, and they ceased, and it was calm.

      Jean 5

      8 Jesus said to him, "Arise, take up your mat, and walk."

      Jean 11

      11 He said these things, and after that, he said to them, "Our friend, Lazarus, has fallen asleep, but I am going so that I may awake him out of sleep."

      Actes 5

      15 They even carried out the sick into the streets, and laid them on cots and mattresses, so that as Peter came by, at the least his shadow might overshadow some of them.

      Actes 9

      33 There he found a certain man named Aeneas, who had been bedridden for eight years, because he was paralyzed.

      Actes 20

      9 A certain young man named Eutychus sat in the window, weighed down with deep sleep. As Paul spoke still longer, being weighed down by his sleep, he fell down from the third story, and was taken up dead.

      1 Corinthiens 7

      39 A wife is bound by law for as long as her husband lives; but if the husband is dead, she is free to be married to whomever she desires, only in the Lord.

      Ephésiens 5

      14 Therefore he says, "Awake, you who sleep, and arise from the dead, and Christ will shine on you."

      1 Thessaloniciens 4

      13 But we don't want you to be ignorant, brothers, concerning those who have fallen asleep, so that you don't grieve like the rest, who have no hope.

      2 Pierre 3

      4 and saying, "Where is the promise of his coming? For, from the day that the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation."
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