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SOPHONIE

Le neuvième des douze « petits prophètes » dans le recueil de l'A.T., et chronologiquement le dernier avant ceux de l'époque persane (Agg., Zach., Mal.). Son nom (hébreu Tsephaneyâh) signifie : caché, protégé par Jéhovah. Il est qualifié, dans le titre, de « fils de Cusi, fils de Guédalia, fils d'Amaria, fils d'Ézéchias ». On ne sait rien de Cusi, apparemment son père, ni de Guédalia et d'Amaria. Quant à Ézéchias, si c'est le roi qui règne sur Juda de 727 à 698, notre prophète, son arrière-petit-fils, aurait donc été de souche royale, parent de Josias, i de ses fils et des princes auxquels il ne craint pas d'adresser des reproches sévères (Sop 1:8).

Epoque.

L'indication de Sop 1:1: « au temps de Josias, fils d'Amon, roi de Juda », placerait l'activité prophétique de Sophonie entre 639 et 608 et ferait de lui un contemporain de Nahum, d'Habacuc et de Jérémie (Jer 1:6). Comme il parle du retranchement prochain des restes de Baal, des adorateurs d'astres (sabéisme, en rapport étroit avec le baalisme) et de ceux qui jurent par Malcom (=Moloch, idole des Ammonites, cf. 1Ro 11:5,8), on peut en inférer qu'il prophétisa un peu avant la réforme de Josias, entre la 12 e (628) et la 18 e année (622) de ce roi. (cf. 2Ch 34:31) L'allusion à une invasion peut faire penser au passage des Scythes (voir ce mot), également visé dans Jer 4:6 6:1,22 et déjà mentionné à propos de Nahum. Sophonie aurait donc prophétisé à la même époque que ce dernier, vers 626.

Le livre.

On a dit que le style de Sophonie manquait d'originalité. Cela ne veut pas dire qu'il manque de vigueur, mais que l'on rencontre chez lui de nombreuses réminiscences d'autres prophètes : par exemple Sop 1:12 (hommes figés sur leurs lies, c-à-d, indifférents, cf. Jer 48:11) ; le chap. 2 fait penser à Esa 34 ; l'expression de Sop 2:15 (siffler en signe de dérision) se retrouve dans Jer 49:17 et Jer 50:13 ; le jour de la colère, d'où le moine Thomas de Celano a pris, vers 1250, l'hymne célèbre du Dies iroe, est emprunté à Soph 1:15 bien que présenté comme « attesté par David et la Sibylle », et l'on retrouve les mêmes expressions dans Esa 13:8 et suivant, Joe 2:1 ; les juges qui sont comme des loups du soir figurent dans Hab 1:8. Tout cela fait partie du langage courant des prophètes et, chez Sophonie, les images où ces expressions sont enchâssées sont bien en place.

On a voulu voir dans le livre plusieurs prophéties distinctes : les chap. 1 et 2 formeraient la première avec des retouches (notamment la mention de Moab et d'Ammon, introduite après coup). Quant au chap. 3, il serait postérieur à l'exil. Ce ne sont là que des conjectures fondées sur le caractère particulier de la prophétie de Sophonie, jugée trop différente de celle des contemporains : Nahum est préoccupé de Ninive ; Habacuc, des troubles de Juda. Et l'on estime que Sophonie, avec surtout sa préoccupation du reste fidèle (Sop 3:12), dépasse le cadre des faits contemporains. Mais il faut bien reconnaître que cette idée du reste fidèle n'est pas nouvelle chez notre prophète. On la trouve dans Esa 1:9 10:21 11:16, Mich 5:7, et aussi dans Jer 23:3 31:7 40:11 - (voir Restes). Il est bien certain que si Sophonie est l'homme de l'actualité, comme le dit Reuss, il est aussi l'interprète d'une pensée éternelle. Appuyé sur les promesses faites à la foi, il peut bien en apercevoir les conséquences ; sinon il n'y aurait plus de prophétie ni d'inspiration.

En réalité, le livre de Sophonie s'agence de la façon suivante :

Titre (Sop 1:1).

Menaces contre Juda et Jérusalem (Sop 1:2-18).

Menaces contre les ennemis de Juda (Philistins, Moabites, Ammonites, Assyriens ; Sop 2-3:8, cf. Am 1:2).

Puis, brusquement (Sop 3:1-8), Jérusalem est rejetée et mise au même rang que les villes païennes.

Enfin (Sop 3:9,20) promesse de rétablissement.

Tout cela forme une suite cohérente ; toutefois, pour en bien juger, il ne faut pas songer à un livre composé à la façon des nôtres, mais à une suite de discours et de véhéments appels en style oral. Il s'y trouve, par ailleurs, de curieuses précisions : Sop 1:10, la Porte des Poissons (au Nord de Jérusalem, cf. vol. I, pl. VII ; elle existait déjà, et ce qui en est dit Ne 3:3 12:39 ne vise que sa reconstruction) ; Sop 1:11, l'apostrophe aux habitants de Mactéch (litt., du Mortier, un quartier de Jérusalem dans un creux qui rappelle le mortier où les habitants seront comme piles). On peut signaler aussi, comme particularités : le terme de goï ou goïm par lequel Sophonie désigne les nations (terme de mépris ; le terme noble est ara) ; l'expression îles des nations pour désigner les peuples au delà des mers (Sop 2:11, cf. Ge 10:5) ; les jeux de mots sur les noms de Gaza, Askalon, Asdod, Ékron (Sop 2:4) qui disparaissent forcément dans nos traductions (la Bible Annotée les a relevés) ; le nom de terre des Philistins donné à Canaan (Sop 2:5), nom exact, la Philistie ayant été primitivement comprise dans le partage de la Terre promise (Ge 10:19, Jos 13:1-7) et le nom de Palestine (voir ce mot) n'étant que la transcription romaine de Pelichtim. Les Juifs marocains, par exemple, sont encore appelés par les Arabes et se nomment eux-mêmes Pelichtim (Palestiniens). Enfin, on trouve dans Sop 2:9 l'expression classique : « Je suis vivant, dit l'Éternel ». (cf. No 14:28, Eze 20:31 33:11, Ro 14:11)

Idée fondamentale.

L'idée fondamentale du livre est précisément celle que certains critiques ont regardée comme une addition postérieure à l'exil : c'est l'idée du Jour de l'Éternel (voir art.). Elle embrasse en réalité toute la prophétie de Sophonie, qui peut se répartir en trois tableaux. I er tableau : châtiment de Juda au moyen des ravages exercés par les païens ; 2 e tableau : jugement des Goïm par Dieu ; 3 e tableau : apparition d'un nouveau peuple de Dieu issu du reste laissé pour semence.

En somme, le livre de Sophonie est comme un résumé de toutes les prophéties hébraïques. La notion d'un Sauveur n'en est même pas absente (Sop 3:17), bien qu'enveloppée dans une expression qui rappelle Esa 35:4.

--Voir Prophète. Ch. S.

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      Genèse 10

      5 Of these were the islands of the nations divided in their lands, everyone after his language, after their families, in their nations.
      19 The border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as you go toward Gerar, to Gaza; as you go toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, to Lasha.

      Lévitique 2

      1 "'When anyone offers an offering of a meal offering to Yahweh, his offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil on it, and put frankincense on it.
      2 He shall bring it to Aaron's sons, the priests; and he shall take his handful of its fine flour, and of its oil, with all its frankincense; and the priest shall burn its memorial on the altar, an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      3 That which is left of the meal offering shall be Aaron's and his sons'. It is a most holy thing of the offerings of Yahweh made by fire.
      4 "'When you offer an offering of a meal offering baked in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour mixed with oil, or unleavened wafers anointed with oil.
      5 If your offering is a meal offering of the griddle, it shall be of unleavened fine flour, mixed with oil.
      6 You shall cut it in pieces, and pour oil on it. It is a meal offering.
      7 If your offering is a meal offering of the pan, it shall be made of fine flour with oil.
      8 You shall bring the meal offering that is made of these things to Yahweh: and it shall be presented to the priest, and he shall bring it to the altar.
      9 The priest shall take from the meal offering its memorial, and shall burn it on the altar, an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      10 That which is left of the meal offering shall be Aaron's and his sons'. It is a thing most holy of the offerings of Yahweh made by fire.
      11 "'No meal offering, which you shall offer to Yahweh, shall be made with yeast; for you shall burn no yeast, nor any honey, as an offering made by fire to Yahweh.
      12 As an offering of firstfruits you shall offer them to Yahweh: but they shall not ascend for a pleasant aroma on the altar.
      13 Every offering of your meal offering you shall season with salt; neither shall you allow the salt of the covenant of your God to be lacking from your meal offering. With all your offerings you shall offer salt.
      14 "'If you offer a meal offering of first fruits to Yahweh, you shall offer for the meal offering of your first fruits grain in the ear parched with fire, bruised grain of the fresh ear.
      15 You shall put oil on it, and lay frankincense on it: it is a meal offering.
      16 The priest shall burn as its memorial, part of its bruised grain, and part of its oil, along with all its frankincense: it is an offering made by fire to Yahweh.

      Nombres 14

      28 Tell them, 'As I live, says Yahweh, surely as you have spoken in my ears, so will I do to you:

      Josué 13

      1 Now Joshua was old and well advanced in years. Yahweh said to him, "You are old and advanced in years, and there remains yet very much land to be possessed.
      2 "This is the land that still remains: all the regions of the Philistines, and all the Geshurites;
      3 from the Shihor, which is before Egypt, even to the border of Ekron northward, which is counted as Canaanite; the five lords of the Philistines; the Gazites, and the Ashdodites, the Ashkelonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites; also the Avvim,
      4 on the south; all the land of the Canaanites, and Mearah that belongs to the Sidonians, to Aphek, to the border of the Amorites;
      5 and the land of the Gebalites, and all Lebanon, toward the sunrise, from Baal Gad under Mount Hermon to the entrance of Hamath;
      6 all the inhabitants of the hill country from Lebanon to Misrephoth Maim, even all the Sidonians; them will I drive out from before the children of Israel: only allocate it to Israel for an inheritance, as I have commanded you.
      7 Now therefore divide this land for an inheritance to the nine tribes and the half-tribe of Manasseh."

      2 Chroniques 34

      31 The king stood in his place, and made a covenant before Yahweh, to walk after Yahweh, and to keep his commandments, and his testimonies, and his statutes, with all his heart, and with all his soul, to perform the words of the covenant that were written in this book.

      Néhémie 3

      3 The sons of Hassenaah built the fish gate. They laid its beams, and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.

      Néhémie 12

      39 and above the gate of Ephraim, and by the old gate, and by the fish gate, and the tower of Hananel, and the tower of Hammeah, even to the sheep gate: and they stood still in the gate of the guard.

      Esaïe 1

      9 Unless Yahweh of Armies had left to us a very small remnant, we would have been as Sodom; we would have been like Gomorrah.

      Esaïe 10

      21 A remnant will return, even the remnant of Jacob, to the mighty God.

      Esaïe 11

      16 There will be a highway for the remnant that is left of his people from Assyria, like there was for Israel in the day that he came up out of the land of Egypt.

      Esaïe 13

      8 They will be dismayed. Pangs and sorrows will seize them. They will be in pain like a woman in labor. They will look in amazement one at another. Their faces will be faces of flame.

      Esaïe 34

      1 Come near, you nations, to hear! Listen, you peoples. Let the earth and all it contains hear; the world, and everything that comes from it.
      2 For Yahweh is enraged against all the nations, and angry with all their armies. He has utterly destroyed them. He has given them over for slaughter.
      3 Their slain will also be cast out, and the stench of their dead bodies will come up; and the mountains will melt in their blood.
      4 All of the army of the sky will be dissolved. The sky will be rolled up like a scroll, and all its armies will fade away, as a leaf fades from off a vine or a fig tree.
      5 For my sword has drunk its fill in the sky. Behold, it will come down on Edom, and on the people of my curse, for judgment.
      6 Yahweh's sword is filled with blood. It is covered with fat, with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams; for Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah, And a great slaughter in the land of Edom.
      7 The wild oxen will come down with them, and the young bulls with the mighty bulls; and their land will be drunken with blood, and their dust made greasy with fat.
      8 For Yahweh has a day of vengeance, a year of recompense for the cause of Zion.
      9 Its streams will be turned into pitch, its dust into sulfur, And its land will become burning pitch.
      10 It won't be quenched night nor day. Its smoke will go up forever. From generation to generation, it will lie waste. No one will pass through it forever and ever.
      11 But the pelican and the porcupine will possess it. The owl and the raven will dwell in it. He will stretch the line of confusion over it, and the plumb line of emptiness.
      12 They shall call its nobles to the kingdom, but none shall be there; and all its princes shall be nothing.
      13 Thorns will come up in its palaces, nettles and thistles in its fortresses; and it will be a habitation of jackals, a court for ostriches.
      14 The wild animals of the desert will meet with the wolves, and the wild goat will cry to his fellow. Yes, the night creature shall settle there, and shall find herself a place of rest.
      15 The arrow snake will make her nest there, and lay, hatch, and gather under her shade. Yes, the kites will be gathered there, every one with her mate.
      16 Search in the book of Yahweh, and read: not one of these will be missing. none will lack her mate. For my mouth has commanded, and his Spirit has gathered them.
      17 He has cast the lot for them, and his hand has divided it to them with a measuring line. They shall possess it forever. From generation to generation they will dwell in it.

      Esaïe 35

      4 Tell those who have a fearful heart, "Be strong. Don't be afraid. Behold, your God will come with vengeance, God's retribution. He will come and save you.

      Jérémie 1

      6 Then I said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! Behold, I don't know how to speak; for I am a child."

      Jérémie 4

      6 Set up a standard toward Zion. Flee for safety! Don't wait; for I will bring evil from the north, and a great destruction."

      Jérémie 6

      1 "Flee for safety, you children of Benjamin, out of the midst of Jerusalem, and blow the trumpet in Tekoa, and raise up a signal on Beth Haccherem; for evil looks forth from the north, and a great destruction.
      22 Thus says Yahweh, "Behold, a people comes from the north country. A great nation shall be stirred up from the uttermost parts of the earth.

      Jérémie 23

      3 I will gather the remnant of my flock out of all the countries where I have driven them, and will bring them again to their folds; and they shall be fruitful and multiply.

      Jérémie 31

      7 For thus says Yahweh, Sing with gladness for Jacob, and shout for the chief of the nations: publish, praise, and say, Yahweh, save your people, the remnant of Israel.

      Jérémie 40

      11 Likewise when all the Jews who were in Moab, and among the children of Ammon, and in Edom, and who were in all the countries, heard that the king of Babylon had left a remnant of Judah, and that he had set over them Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan;

      Jérémie 48

      11 Moab has been at ease from his youth, and he has settled on his lees, and has not been emptied from vessel to vessel, neither has he gone into captivity: therefore his taste remains in him, and his scent is not changed.

      Jérémie 49

      17 Edom shall become an astonishment: everyone who passes by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all its plagues.

      Jérémie 50

      13 Because of the wrath of Yahweh she shall not be inhabited, but she shall be wholly desolate: everyone who goes by Babylon shall be astonished, and hiss at all her plagues.

      Ezéchiel 20

      31 and when you offer your gifts, when you make your sons to pass through the fire, do you pollute yourselves with all your idols to this day? and shall I be inquired of by you, house of Israel? As I live, says the Lord Yahweh, I will not be inquired of by you;

      Ezéchiel 33

      11 Tell them, As I live, says the Lord Yahweh, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked; but that the wicked turn from his way and live: turn, turn from your evil ways; for why will you die, house of Israel?

      Joël 2

      1 Blow the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in my holy mountain! Let all the inhabitants of the land tremble, for the day of Yahweh comes, for it is close at hand:

      Amos 1

      2 He said: "Yahweh will roar from Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and the pastures of the shepherds will mourn, and the top of Carmel will wither."

      Michée 5

      7 The remnant of Jacob will be in the midst of many peoples, like dew from Yahweh, like showers on the grass, that don't wait for man, nor wait for the sons of men.

      Habacuc 1

      8 Their horses also are swifter than leopards, and are more fierce than the evening wolves. Their horsemen press proudly on. Yes, their horsemen come from afar. They fly as an eagle that hurries to devour.

      Sophonie 1

      15 That day is a day of wrath, a day of distress and anguish, a day of trouble and ruin, a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and blackness,

      Romains 14

      11 For it is written, "'As I live,' says the Lord, 'to me every knee will bow. Every tongue will confess to God.'"
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