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L'hébreu rôch, le grec képhalê sont rendus, dans notre langue plus nuancée, par des termes variables : tête, chef, sommet, personne, etc.

Au sens propre, le mot est fréquent dans la Bible, appliqué aux hommes (Ge 40:16,2 Ro 4:19, Est 2:17, cf. 1Sa 5:4, Mr 6:25 14:3 etc.) et aux animaux (Ge 3:15,2Sa 3:8,2Ro 6:25, Apoc, 9:17,19 etc.). Il s'applique aussi au sommet des montagnes ou des rochers) (Ge 8:5, No 23:9, Ap 17:9, cf. l'arabe ras [=promontoire), des tours (Ge 11:4), aux chapiteaux de colonnes (1Ro 7:19), aux épis sur la tige (Job 24:24), à la pierre de fondation) (Ps 118:22, Mr 12:10,1Pi 2:7 ; voir Angle [pierre de 1'), au chevet du lit (Ge 47:31), etc. Pour les soins de la tête, voir Chevelure, Onction, Parfum. Pour les diverses coiffures, voir Vêtement, V La décapitation est souvent mentionnée, non comme châtiment légal (voir Crimes, délits et peines), mais comme fait de guerre (1Sa 17:51,54 31:9,2Sa 20:21 et suivant, Jug 13:8, 1Ma 7:47 11:17) ou comme un crime de tyran (Mt 14:8-11).

La tête étant considérée comme organe de direction, siège de la pensée et de la volonté, la partie peut être prise pour le tout, ainsi qu'en français : tête =corps de troupes (Jug 7:16), le nombre des têtes en armes (1Ch 12:23). La tête représente la personne humaine dans son existence (1Sa 28:2 ; litt., la garde de ma tête), dans ses responsabilités (2Sa 1:16, Ps 7:17, Eze 9:10 17:19), dans sa force dominatrice (Jug 8:28, Ps 27:6 83:3). Se raser ou non la tête (Ge 41:14, Le 21:5, No 6:5,18, Job 1:20), la couvrir de cendres (1Sa 4:12), rester tête couverte ou nu-tête (Ge 24:63, Le 10:6,2Sa 15:30, Eze 24:17,1Co 11:4,7) sont des attitudes de dignité ou de révérence, de douleur, de deuil, de consécration (voir DEuil, Gestes). Répandre l'huile sur la tête de quelqu'un (Ps 133:2 141:5, Mr 14:3, Lu 7:46 etc.). c'est lui rendre un hommage d'honneur et de gratitude. Pour la métaphore de Pr 25:22, Ro 12:20, voir Charbon. Bien des expressions courantes de la Bible se retrouvent en français et n'ont pas besoin d'explications : lever ou relever la tête (Ps 75:6 110:7, Lu 21:28 etc.), hocher la tête (Ps 44:15 64:9, Sir 12:18, Mr 15:29), reposer sa tête (Lu 9:58), rompre la tête (Lu 18:5), tomber la tête en bas (Sag 4:19), la tête blanche du vieillard (Sir 25:4 et suivant), etc.

L'hébreu ou le grec appellent aussi tête un chef (comme le latin caput), tête d'une collectivité, prince, pontife, mari (Ex 6:14-25,1Sa 15:17,2Ch 10:11 24:6, Job 29:25, Eph 1:22 4:15 5:23) ; saint Paul applique l'expression à la hiérarchie chrétienne (1Co 11:3 : voir CHEF). Par analogie, la tête désigne aussi la ville capitale d'un pays (Esa 7:8 et suivant), le premier mois de l'année (Ex 12:2), les denrées de premier choix (traduit par exquis, Ex 30:23, Eze 27:22, etc.). Pour la locution : être à la tête ou à la queue, voir (De 28:44, Esa 9:13 et suivant) Queue. Dans les tableaux apocalyptiques, les têtes sont un symbole fréquent des chefs, des rois ou des empires (Da 2:32,38 7:6, Apoc, 9:17,19 12:3 13:1,3 19:12 La 4e vision, celle de l'aigle, dans Pseudo-Esdras 11 et 12, etc.) ; les Similitudes d'Hénoc désignent le Tout-Puissant, juge suprême du monde, comme « Tête (ou Chef) des jours ».

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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  Genèse 3
  
  15 I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you will bruise his heel."
  
  Genèse 8
  
  5 The waters receded continually until the tenth month. In the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains were seen.
  
  Genèse 11
  
  4 They said, "Come, let's build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top reaches to the sky, and let's make ourselves a name, lest we be scattered abroad on the surface of the whole earth."
  
  Genèse 24
  
  63 Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the evening. He lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, there were camels coming.
  
  Genèse 40
  
  2 Pharaoh was angry with his two officers, the chief cupbearer and the chief baker.
  
  16 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he said to Joseph, "I also was in my dream, and behold, three baskets of white bread were on my head.
  
  Genèse 41
  
  14 Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon. He shaved himself, changed his clothing, and came in to Pharaoh.
  
  Genèse 47
  
  31 He said, "Swear to me," and he swore to him. Israel bowed himself on the bed's head.
  
  Exode 6
  
  14 These are the heads of their fathers' houses. The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel: Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi; these are the families of Reuben.
  
  15 The sons of Simeon: Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanite woman; these are the families of Simeon.
  
  16 These are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations: Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari; and the years of the life of Levi were one hundred thirty-seven years.
  
  17 The sons of Gershon: Libni and Shimei, according to their families.
  
  18 The sons of Kohath: Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel; and the years of the life of Kohath were one hundred thirty-three years.
  
  19 The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites according to their generations.
  
  20 Amram took Jochebed his father's sister to himself as wife; and she bore him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were a hundred and thirty-seven years.
  
  21 The sons of Izhar: Korah, and Nepheg, and Zichri.
  
  22 The sons of Uzziel: Mishael, and Elzaphan, and Sithri.
  
  23 Aaron took Elisheba, the daughter of Amminadab, the sister of Nahshon, as his wife; and she bore him Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar.
  
  24 The sons of Korah: Assir, and Elkanah, and Abiasaph; these are the families of the Korahites.
  
  25 Eleazar Aaron's son took one of the daughters of Putiel as his wife; and she bore him Phinehas. These are the heads of the fathers' houses of the Levites according to their families.
  
  Exode 12
  
  2 "This month shall be to you the beginning of months. It shall be the first month of the year to you.
  
  Exode 30
  
  23 "Also take fine spices: of liquid myrrh, five hundred shekels; and of fragrant cinnamon half as much, even two hundred and fifty; and of fragrant cane, two hundred and fifty;
  
  Lévitique 10
  
  6 Moses said to Aaron, and to Eleazar and to Ithamar, his sons, "Don't let the hair of your heads go loose, neither tear your clothes; that you don't die, and that he not be angry with all the congregation: but let your brothers, the whole house of Israel, bewail the burning which Yahweh has kindled.
  
  Lévitique 21
  
  5 "'They shall not shave their heads, neither shall they shave off the corners of their beards, nor make any cuttings in their flesh.
  
  Nombres 6
  
  5 "'All the days of his vow of separation no razor shall come on his head, until the days are fulfilled, in which he separates himself to Yahweh. He shall be holy. He shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow long.
  
  18 The Nazirite shall shave the head of his separation at the door of the Tent of Meeting, and shall take the hair of the head of his separation, and put it on the fire which is under the sacrifice of peace offerings.
  
  Nombres 23
  
  9 For from the top of the rocks I see him. From the hills I see him. Behold, it is a people that dwells alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.
  
  Juges 7
  
  16 He divided the three hundred men into three companies, and he put into the hands of all of them trumpets, and empty pitchers, with torches within the pitchers.
  
  Juges 8
  
  28 So Midian was subdued before the children of Israel, and they lifted up their heads no more. The land had rest forty years in the days of Gideon.
  
  Juges 13
  
  8 Then Manoah entreated Yahweh, and said, "Oh, Lord, please let the man of God whom you did send come again to us, and teach us what we shall do to the child who shall be born."
  
  1 Samuel 4
  
  12 There ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and came to Shiloh the same day, with his clothes torn, and with earth on his head.
  
  1 Samuel 5
  
  4 When they arose early on the next day morning, behold, Dagon was fallen on his face to the ground before the ark of Yahweh; and the head of Dagon and both the palms of his hands were cut off on the threshold. Only Dagon's torso was intact.
  
  1 Samuel 15
  
  17 Samuel said, "Though you were little in your own sight, weren't you made the head of the tribes of Israel? Yahweh anointed you king over Israel;
  
  1 Samuel 17
  
  51 Then David ran, and stood over the Philistine, and took his sword, and drew it out of its sheath, and killed him, and cut off his head therewith. When the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they fled.
  
  1 Samuel 28
  
  2 David said to Achish, "Therefore you shall know what your servant will do." Achish said to David, "Therefore will I make you my bodyguard for ever."
  
  2 Samuel 1
  
  16 David said to him, "Your blood be on your head; for your mouth has testified against you, saying, 'I have slain Yahweh's anointed.'"
  
  2 Samuel 3
  
  8 Then was Abner very angry for the words of Ishbosheth, and said, "Am I a dog's head that belongs to Judah? Today I show kindness to the house of Saul your father, to his brothers, and to his friends, and have not delivered you into the hand of David; and yet you charge me this day with a fault concerning this woman!
  
  2 Samuel 15
  
  30 David went up by the ascent of the Mount of Olives, and wept as he went up; and he had his head covered, and went barefoot: and all the people who were with him covered every man his head, and they went up, weeping as they went up.
  
  2 Samuel 20
  
  21 The matter is not so. But a man of the hill country of Ephraim, Sheba the son of Bichri by name, has lifted up his hand against the king, even against David. Deliver him only, and I will depart from the city." The woman said to Joab, "Behold, his head shall be thrown to you over the wall."
  
  1 Chroniques 12
  
  23 These are the numbers of the heads of those who were armed for war, who came to David to Hebron, to turn the kingdom of Saul to him, according to the word of Yahweh.
  
  2 Chroniques 10
  
  11 Now whereas my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.'"
  
  Esther 2
  
  17 The king loved Esther more than all the women, and she obtained favor and kindness in his sight more than all the virgins; so that he set the royal crown on her head, and made her queen instead of Vashti.
  
  Job 1
  
  20 Then Job arose, and tore his robe, and shaved his head, and fell down on the ground, and worshiped.
  
  Job 24
  
  24 They are exalted; yet a little while, and they are gone. Yes, they are brought low, they are taken out of the way as all others, and are cut off as the tops of the ears of grain.
  
  Job 29
  
  25 I chose out their way, and sat as chief. I lived as a king in the army, as one who comforts the mourners.
  
  Psaumes 7
  
  17 I will give thanks to Yahweh according to his righteousness, and will sing praise to the name of Yahweh Most High.
  
  Psaumes 27
  
  6 Now my head will be lifted up above my enemies around me. I will offer sacrifices of joy in his tent. I will sing, yes, I will sing praises to Yahweh.
  
  Psaumes 44
  
  15 All day long my dishonor is before me, and shame covers my face,
  
  Psaumes 64
  
  9 All mankind shall be afraid. They shall declare the work of God, and shall wisely ponder what he has done.
  
  Psaumes 75
  
  6 For neither from the east, nor from the west, nor yet from the south, comes exaltation.
  
  Psaumes 83
  
  3 They conspire with cunning against your people. They plot against your cherished ones.
  
  Psaumes 110
  
  7 He will drink of the brook in the way; therefore he will lift up his head.
  
  Psaumes 118
  
  22 The stone which the builders rejected has become the head of the corner.
  
  Psaumes 133
  
  2 It is like the precious oil on the head, that ran down on the beard, even Aaron's beard; that came down on the edge of his robes;
  
  Psaumes 141
  
  5 Let the righteous strike me, it is kindness; let him reprove me, it is like oil on the head; don't let my head refuse it; Yet my prayer is always against evil deeds.
  
  Proverbes 25
  
  22 for you will heap coals of fire on his head, and Yahweh will reward you.
  
  Esaïe 7
  
  8 For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin; and within sixty-five years Ephraim shall be broken in pieces, so that it shall not be a people;
  
  Esaïe 9
  
  13 Yet the people have not turned to him who struck them, neither have they sought Yahweh of Armies.
  
  Lamentations 4
  
  1 How the gold has become dim! The most pure gold has changed! The stones of the sanctuary are poured out at the head of every street.
  
  2 The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold, How are they esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter!
  
  3 Even the jackals draw out the breast, they nurse their young ones: The daughter of my people has become cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness.
  
  4 The tongue of the nursing child clings to the roof of his mouth for thirst: The young children ask bread, and no man breaks it to them.
  
  5 Those who fed delicately are desolate in the streets: Those who were brought up in scarlet embrace dunghills.
  
  6 For the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the sin of Sodom, That was overthrown as in a moment, and no hands were laid on her.
  
  7 Her nobles were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk; They were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing was as of sapphire.
  
  8 Their appearance is blacker than a coal; they are not known in the streets: Their skin clings to their bones; it is withered, it has become like a stick.
  
  9 Those who are killed with the sword are better than those who are killed with hunger; For these pine away, stricken through, for want of the fruits of the field.
  
  10 The hands of the pitiful women have boiled their own children; They were their food in the destruction of the daughter of my people.
  
  11 Yahweh has accomplished his wrath, he has poured out his fierce anger; He has kindled a fire in Zion, which has devoured its foundations.
  
  12 The kings of the earth didn't believe, neither all the inhabitants of the world, That the adversary and the enemy would enter into the gates of Jerusalem.
  
  13 It is because of the sins of her prophets, and the iniquities of her priests, That have shed the blood of the just in the midst of her.
  
  14 They wander as blind men in the streets, they are polluted with blood, So that men can't touch their garments.
  
  15 Depart! they cried to them, Unclean! depart, depart, don't touch! When they fled away and wandered, men said among the nations, They shall not live here any more.
  
  16 The anger of Yahweh has scattered them; he will no more regard them: They didn't respect the persons of the priests, they didn't favor the elders.
  
  17 Our eyes still fail, looking in vain for our help: In our watching we have watched for a nation that could not save.
  
  18 They hunt our steps, so that we can't go in our streets: Our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end has come.
  
  19 Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles of the sky: They chased us on the mountains, they laid wait for us in the wilderness.
  
  20 The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of Yahweh, was taken in their pits; Of whom we said, Under his shadow we shall live among the nations.
  
  21 Rejoice and be glad, daughter of Edom, that dwell in the land of Uz: The cup shall pass through to you also; you shall be drunken, and shall make yourself naked.
  
  22 The punishment of your iniquity is accomplished, daughter of Zion; he will no more carry you away into captivity: He will visit your iniquity, daughter of Edom; he will uncover your sins.
  
  Ezéchiel 9
  
  10 As for me also, my eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity, but I will bring their way on their head.
  
  Ezéchiel 17
  
  19 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: As I live, surely my oath that he has despised, and my covenant that he has broken, I will even bring it on his own head.
  
  Ezéchiel 24
  
  17 Sigh, but not aloud, make no mourning for the dead; bind your headdress on you, and put your shoes on your feet, and don't cover your lips, and don't eat men's bread.
  
  Ezéchiel 27
  
  22 The traffickers of Sheba and Raamah, they were your traffickers; they traded for your wares with the chief of all spices, and with all precious stones, and gold.
  
  Daniel 2
  
  32 As for this image, its head was of fine gold, its breast and its arms of silver, its belly and its thighs of brass,
  
  38 and wherever the children of men dwell, the animals of the field and the birds of the sky has he given into your hand, and has made you to rule over them all: you are the head of gold.
  
  Daniel 7
  
  6 After this I saw, and behold, another, like a leopard, which had on its back four wings of a bird; the animal had also four heads; and dominion was given to it.
  
  Matthieu 14
  
  8 She, being prompted by her mother, said, "Give me here on a platter the head of John the Baptizer."
  
  9 The king was grieved, but for the sake of his oaths, and of those who sat at the table with him, he commanded it to be given,
  
  10 and he sent and beheaded John in the prison.
  
  11 His head was brought on a platter, and given to the young lady: and she brought it to her mother.
  
  Marc 6
  
  25 She came in immediately with haste to the king, and asked, "I want you to give me right now the head of John the Baptizer on a platter."
  
  Marc 12
  
  10 Haven't you even read this Scripture: 'The stone which the builders rejected, the same was made the head of the corner.
  
  Marc 14
  
  3 While he was at Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at the table, a woman came having an alabaster jar of ointment of pure nard--very costly. She broke the jar, and poured it over his head.
  
  Marc 15
  
  29 Those who passed by blasphemed him, wagging their heads, and saying, "Ha! You who destroy the temple, and build it in three days,
  
  Luc 7
  
  46 You didn't anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment.
  
  Luc 9
  
  58 Jesus said to him, "The foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to lay his head."
  
  Luc 18
  
  5 yet because this widow bothers me, I will defend her, or else she will wear me out by her continual coming.'"
  
  Luc 21
  
  28 But when these things begin to happen, look up, and lift up your heads, because your redemption is near."
  
  Romains 4
  
  19 Without being weakened in faith, he didn't consider his own body, already having been worn out, (he being about a hundred years old), and the deadness of Sarah's womb.

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