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THABOR (mont)

Aujourd'hui Djebel et-Toûr, 562 m. d'altitude, à 9 km. à l'Est-S. -E. de Nazareth.

La montagne du Thabor, complètement isolée, vue de l'Ouest, a la forme d'un hémisphère aplati sur ses bords (fig. 185). En bordure N. -O, de la plaine d'Esdrélon, sur laquelle mord à l'Ouest le massif du « petit Hermon », ses pentes apparaissent encore abruptes. En effet, au pied de la « montagne », le village de Daboûrîyé (l'ancienne Dabrath de Jos 19:12) n'est qu'à 145 m. au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Il en est sensiblement de même d'Iksâl (Kisloth-Thabor de Jos 19:12), 140 m. d'altitude, à 4 km. à l'Ouest.

Au moment de la répartition de la Palestine, il semble bien qu'une ville du nom de Thabor existait déjà sur le mont du même nom (Jos 19:22), à la frontière de la région dévolue à Issacar. Certains pensent qu'un sanctuaire y était déjà établi (De 33:18 et suivant) et l'on pourrait, à ce propos, rappeler qu'au temps de Samuel on connaissait un « chêne de Thabor » (1Sa 10:3), sans doute arbre sacré, analogue au chêne vénéré à Sichem (Ge 35:4).

Le magnifique observatoire que constitue le Thabor en faisait le lieu idéal pour une concentration des forces de Barak (Jug 4:6,12,14), se proposant d'attirer dans la plaine détrempée par les eaux du Kison les soldats de Sisera.

Le nom du Thabor reparaît une fois encore, au temps des Juges, à propos de Gédéon (Jug 8:18), et ce ne sont plus que d'assez rares mentions dans la littérature prophétique, (Os 1, Jer 46:18) poétique (Ps 89:13) ou historique (1Ch 6:77). A l'époque séleucide, le mont s'appelait Itabyrion (Josèphe, Ant., V, 3:3 ; G.J., IV, 1:1) ou Atabyrion (Polybe, V, 70:6). Antiochus le Grand s'en empara (218 av. J. -C.).

Au moment de l'insurrection juive, Josèphe fortifia l'emplacement, mais la garnison, attirée dans la plaine, fut anéantie par les Romains (68 ap. J. -C). Dès lors, l'histoire du Thabor est celle de la tradition chrétienne qui situa sur cette montagne la scène de la Transfiguration (Mr 9:2) et qui la commémora en élevant des églises. Les fouilles faites par les Franciscains ont retrouvé les ruines de sanctuaires attribués aux Byzantins, puis aux Bénédictins qui accompagnèrent les croisés (XII e siècle), enfin aux Ermites de Saint-Augustin (XIII e siècle). Le Thabor, ravagé par le sultan Bibars (1263), resta désert jusqu'au XVII° siècle, où les Franciscains s'y réinstallèrent.

Aujourd'hui, une superbe basilique a été reconstruite sur les ruines du sanctuaire byzantin. Ajoutons que les orthodoxes grecs revendiquent eux aussi, dans leur propriété voisine, le lieu authentique de la Transfiguration. A notre avis, il n'appartient ni aux uns ni aux autres, et la montagne du miracle est bien plutôt à rechercher quelque part aux environs de Césarée de Philippe (Bâniyâs), sur les pentes de l'Hermon. Là seulement aussi Jésus était à l'écart (Mr 9:2). Le Thabor ne lui offrait pas cette solitude puisque la ville signalée sur ce sommet par Antiochus le Grand n'avait pas complètement disparu, même après les combats soutenus par Alexandre contre Gabinius.

On ne saurait trop insister sur le panorama merveilleux dont on jouit du haut du Thabor : au Nord les monts de Haute Galilée, dominés par la croupe neigeuse de l'Hermon ; à l'Est les monts de Galaad et la coupure du Jourdain ; au Sud le massif du « petit Hermon » (Endor, Nain), les monts de Guilboa et les collines de Samarie ; à l'Ouest la plaine d'Esdrélon et la chaîne du Carmel.

Toute l'histoire biblique revit dans ce tour d'horizon ; et il est difficile d'oublier qu'au pied du Thabor, le 15 avril 1799, Bonaparte accouru au secours de Kléber culbuta 25.000 mamelouks.

L'histoire n'est qu'un perpétuel recommencement : sur la montagne d'où Barak était descendu pour anéantir les soldats de Sisera, le maréchal Liman von Sanders avait installé, en 1917, un observatoire. La plaine d'Esdrélon, funeste à Sisera et aux mamelouks, ne le fut pas moins aux Turcs qui, encerclés au pied du Thabor, se rendirent, le 22 septembre, à l'armée anglo-française de Palestine. A. P.

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      Genèse 35

      4 They gave to Jacob all the foreign gods which were in their hands, and the rings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem.

      Lévitique 15

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them, 'When any man has a discharge from his body, because of his discharge he is unclean.
      3 This shall be his uncleanness in his discharge: whether his body runs with his discharge, or his body has stopped from his discharge, it is his uncleanness.
      4 "'Every bed whereon he who has the discharge lies shall be unclean; and everything he sits on shall be unclean.
      5 Whoever touches his bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      6 He who sits on anything whereon the man who has the discharge sat shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      7 "'He who touches the body of him who has the discharge shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      8 "'If he who has the discharge spits on him who is clean, then he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      9 "'Whatever saddle he who has the discharge rides on shall be unclean.
      10 Whoever touches anything that was under him shall be unclean until the evening. He who carries those things shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      11 "'Whoever he who has the discharge touches, without having rinsed his hands in water, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      12 "'The earthen vessel, which he who has the discharge touches, shall be broken; and every vessel of wood shall be rinsed in water.
      13 "'When he who has a discharge is cleansed of his discharge, then he shall count to himself seven days for his cleansing, and wash his clothes; and he shall bathe his flesh in running water, and shall be clean.
      14 "'On the eighth day he shall take two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, and come before Yahweh to the door of the Tent of Meeting, and give them to the priest:
      15 and the priest shall offer them, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering. The priest shall make atonement for him before Yahweh for his discharge.
      16 "'If any man has an emission of semen, then he shall bathe all his flesh in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      17 Every garment, and every skin, whereon the semen is, shall be washed with water, and be unclean until the evening.
      18 If a man lies with a woman and there is an emission of semen, they shall both bathe themselves in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      19 "'If a woman has a discharge, and her discharge in her flesh is blood, she shall be in her impurity seven days: and whoever touches her shall be unclean until the evening.
      20 "'Everything that she lies on in her impurity shall be unclean. Everything also that she sits on shall be unclean.
      21 Whoever touches her bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      22 Whoever touches anything that she sits on shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      23 If it is on the bed, or on anything whereon she sits, when he touches it, he shall be unclean until the evening.
      24 "'If any man lies with her, and her monthly flow is on him, he shall be unclean seven days; and every bed whereon he lies shall be unclean.
      25 "'If a woman has a discharge of her blood many days not in the time of her period, or if she has a discharge beyond the time of her period; all the days of the discharge of her uncleanness shall be as in the days of her period: she is unclean.
      26 Every bed whereon she lies all the days of her discharge shall be to her as the bed of her period: and everything whereon she sits shall be unclean, as the uncleanness of her period.
      27 Whoever touches these things shall be unclean, and shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.
      28 "'But if she is cleansed of her discharge, then she shall count to herself seven days, and after that she shall be clean.
      29 On the eighth day she shall take two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, and bring them to the priest, to the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      30 The priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make atonement for her before Yahweh for the uncleanness of her discharge.
      31 "'Thus you shall separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness, so they will not die in their uncleanness, when they defile my tabernacle that is in their midst.'"
      32 This is the law of him who has a discharge, and of him who has an emission of semen, so that he is unclean thereby;
      33 and of her who has her period, and of a man or woman who has a discharge, and of him who lies with her who is unclean.

      Lévitique 22

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Tell Aaron and his sons to separate themselves from the holy things of the children of Israel, which they make holy to me, and that they not profane my holy name. I am Yahweh.
      3 "Tell them, 'If anyone of all your seed throughout your generations approaches the holy things, which the children of Israel make holy to Yahweh, having his uncleanness on him, that soul shall be cut off from before me. I am Yahweh.
      4 "'Whoever of the seed of Aaron is a leper or has an issue; he shall not eat of the holy things, until he is clean. Whoever touches anything that is unclean by the dead, or a man whose seed goes from him;
      5 or whoever touches any creeping thing, whereby he may be made unclean, or a man of whom he may take uncleanness, whatever uncleanness he has;
      6 the person that touches any such shall be unclean until the evening, and shall not eat of the holy things, unless he bathe his body in water.
      7 When the sun is down, he shall be clean; and afterward he shall eat of the holy things, because it is his bread.
      8 That which dies of itself, or is torn by animals, he shall not eat, defiling himself by it. I am Yahweh.
      9 "'They shall therefore follow my requirements, lest they bear sin for it, and die therein, if they profane it. I am Yahweh who sanctifies them.
      10 "'No stranger shall eat of the holy thing: a foreigner living with the priests, or a hired servant, shall not eat of the holy thing.
      11 But if a priest buys a slave, purchased by his money, he shall eat of it; and such as are born in his house, they shall eat of his bread.
      12 If a priest's daughter is married to an outsider, she shall not eat of the heave offering of the holy things.
      13 But if a priest's daughter is a widow, or divorced, and has no child, and has returned to her father's house, as in her youth, she may eat of her father's bread: but no stranger shall eat any of it.
      14 "'If a man eats something holy unwittingly, then he shall add the fifth part of its value to it, and shall give the holy thing to the priest.
      15 The priests shall not profane the holy things of the children of Israel, which they offer to Yahweh,
      16 and so cause them to bear the iniquity that brings guilt, when they eat their holy things: for I am Yahweh who sanctifies them.'"
      17 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      18 "Speak to Aaron, and to his sons, and to all the children of Israel, and say to them, 'Whoever is of the house of Israel, or of the foreigners in Israel, who offers his offering, whether it be any of their vows, or any of their freewill offerings, which they offer to Yahweh for a burnt offering;
      19 that you may be accepted, you shall offer a male without blemish, of the bulls, of the sheep, or of the goats.
      20 But whatever has a blemish, that you shall not offer: for it shall not be acceptable for you.
      21 Whoever offers a sacrifice of peace offerings to Yahweh to accomplish a vow, or for a freewill offering, of the herd or of the flock, it shall be perfect to be accepted; no blemish shall be therein.
      22 Blind, injured, maimed, having a wart, festering, or having a running sore, you shall not offer these to Yahweh, nor make an offering by fire of them on the altar to Yahweh.
      23 Either a bull or a lamb that has any deformity or lacking in his parts, that you may offer for a freewill offering; but for a vow it shall not be accepted.
      24 That which has its testicles bruised, crushed, broken, or cut, you shall not offer to Yahweh; neither shall you do thus in your land.
      25 Neither shall you offer the bread of your God from the hand of a foreigner of any of these; because their corruption is in them. There is a blemish in them. They shall not be accepted for you.'"
      26 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      27 "When a bull, or a sheep, or a goat, is born, then it shall remain seven days with its mother; and from the eighth day and thenceforth it shall be accepted for the offering of an offering made by fire to Yahweh.
      28 Whether it is a cow or ewe, you shall not kill it and its young both in one day.
      29 "When you sacrifice a sacrifice of thanksgiving to Yahweh, you shall sacrifice it so that you may be accepted.
      30 It shall be eaten on the same day; you shall leave none of it until the morning. I am Yahweh.
      31 "Therefore you shall keep my commandments, and do them. I am Yahweh.
      32 You shall not profane my holy name, but I will be made holy among the children of Israel. I am Yahweh who makes you holy,
      33 who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be your God. I am Yahweh."

      Josué 19

      12 It turned from Sarid eastward toward the sunrise to the border of Chisloth Tabor. It went out to Daberath, and went up to Japhia.
      22 The border reached to Tabor, Shahazumah, and Beth Shemesh. Their border ended at the Jordan: sixteen cities with their villages.

      Juges 4

      6 She sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of Kedesh Naphtali, and said to him, "Hasn't Yahweh, the God of Israel, commanded, 'Go and draw to Mount Tabor, and take with you ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun?
      12 They told Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was gone up to Mount Tabor.
      14 Deborah said to Barak, "Go; for this is the day in which Yahweh has delivered Sisera into your hand. Hasn't Yahweh gone out before you?" So Barak went down from Mount Tabor, and ten thousand men after him.

      Juges 8

      18 Then he said to Zebah and Zalmunna, "What kind of men were they whom you killed at Tabor?" They answered, "They were like you. Each one resembled the children of a king."

      1 Samuel 10

      3 "Then you shall go on forward from there, and you shall come to the oak of Tabor; and three men shall meet you there going up to God to Bethel, one carrying three young goats, and another carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine:

      1 Chroniques 6

      77 To the rest of the Levites, the sons of Merari, were given, out of the tribe of Zebulun, Rimmono with its suburbs, Tabor with its suburbs;

      Psaumes 89

      13 You have a mighty arm. Your hand is strong, and your right hand is exalted.

      Jérémie 46

      18 As I live, says the King, whose name is Yahweh of Armies, surely like Tabor among the mountains, and like Carmel by the sea, so shall he come.

      Osée 1

      1 The word of Yahweh that came to Hosea the son of Beeri, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel.
      2 When Yahweh spoke at first by Hosea, Yahweh said to Hosea, "Go, take for yourself a wife of prostitution and children of unfaithfulness; for the land commits great adultery, forsaking Yahweh."
      3 So he went and took Gomer the daughter of Diblaim; and she conceived, and bore him a son.
      4 Yahweh said to him, "Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel on the house of Jehu, and will cause the kingdom of the house of Israel to cease.
      5 It will happen in that day that I will break the bow of Israel in the valley of Jezreel."
      6 She conceived again, and bore a daughter. Then he said to him, "Call her name Lo-Ruhamah ; for I will no longer have mercy on the house of Israel, that I should in any way pardon them.
      7 But I will have mercy on the house of Judah, and will save them by Yahweh their God , and will not save them by bow, sword, battle, horses, or horsemen."
      8 Now when she had weaned Lo-Ruhamah, she conceived, and bore a son.
      9 He said, "Call his name Lo-Ammi ; for you are not my people, and I will not be yours.
      10 Yet the number of the children of Israel will be as the sand of the sea, which can't be measured nor numbered; and it will come to pass that, in the place where it was said to them, 'You are not my people,' they will be called 'sons of the living God.'
      11 The children of Judah and the children of Israel will be gathered together, and they will appoint themselves one head, and will go up from the land; for great will be the day of Jezreel.

      Marc 9

      2 After six days Jesus took with him Peter, James, and John, and brought them up onto a high mountain privately by themselves, and he was changed into another form in front of them.
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