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ZOROBABEL

Définition biblique de Zorobabel :

Prince de Juda, petit-fils du roi Jéchonias (1Ch 3:19), Zorobabel fut le chef de la première grande caravane des « retournants » de l'exil (Esd 2:2). 

Sommaire

I. CHEF DES "RETOURNANTS" DE L'EXIL.

Prince de Juda, petit-fils du roi Jéchonias (1Ch 3:19), fut le chef de la première grande caravane des « retournants » de l'exil (Esd 2:2). C'est gratuitement qu'on l'a identifié quelquefois à Sesbatsar (voir ce mot), fils de Jéchonias et auquel Cyrus avait fait remettre les ustensiles du Temple de Jérusalem. Dire que Zorobabel portait deux noms et que Sesbatsar était son nom caldéen est un argument sans valeur, parce que Zorobabel est aussi un nom d'origine babylonienne (=rejeton de Babel). Arguer du fait que Sesbatsar ne reparaît plus dans la suite, c'est oublier que Zorobabel, lui aussi, disparaît brusquement des textes pour céder la place à Josué, et cela sans que le fait soit explicable (cf. Esd 5 et Esd 6).

Toute cette histoire des débuts du retour de l'exil est fragmentaire et lacunaire. Ce qui paraît certain c'est que, conformément aux usages des anciens conquérants d'Assyrie, Cyrus a confié à Zorobabel, auquel son origine royale conférait une grande autorité sur ses compatriotes, le gouvernement de la petite province où les Israélites devaient retrouver leur patrie. Quand les exilés se mirent en route, suivant le long de l'Euphrate puis à travers la Syrie et la Coelésyrie le chemin que les armées d'Assur et de Babel avaient si souvent parcouru, ils estimaient, bien sûr, accomplir l'oracle de Jérémie (Jer 20:10), par lequel le prophète annonçait qu'après 70 ans Babylone verrait les captifs échapper à son étreinte. Les textes, tronqués et altérés, probablement même remaniés, des visions de Zacharie (cf. Ag 2:21 et suivants) nous montrent que les Juifs et leurs prophètes fondèrent alors sur Zorobabel le davidique les plus grandes espérances ; ils voyaient en lui le restaurateur d'Israël qui devait en relevant le Temple inaugurer les temps messianiques.

II. ARCHITECTE DE LA RECONSTRUCTION DU TEMPLE 

Zorobabel assisté par Josué, le prêtre, entreprit les travaux de reconstruction de la Maison de Jéhovah au milieu de démonstrations éclatantes de joie (Esd 3:7,13). Ensemble ils réorganisent le culte et célèbrent la fête des Tabernacles (537). Puritains de la religion restaurée, ils refusent l'aide des Samaritains qui, par leurs intrigues, obtiennent, sous Cambyse, la cessation des travaux (Esd 4:4 et suivants). Ceux-ci reprirent la deuxième année de Darius I er (Esd 4:24, cf. Esd 5:3-6:12). Ce fut alors que les prophètes exaltèrent Zorobabel. Aggée annonce que la gloire de cette deuxième Maison dépassera celle de la première (Ag 2:3 et suivants). Après avoir prophétisé la destruction des ennemis du peuple élu, il déclare : « En ce jour-là je te prendrai, Zorobabel, mon serviteur, dit Jéhovah, et je te garderai comme un sceau (anneau à cachet), car je t'ai choisi » (Ag 2:23). Oracle significatif pour qui se souvient que Jérémie avait dit de Jéchonias, le roi infidèle et rejeté : « Quand Jéchonias, roi de Juda, serait un anneau à ma main droite, je l'arracherai de là » (Jer 22:24). Zacharie le contemporain d'Aggée se répand en louanges dithyrambiques sur Zorobabel : « Grande montagne, qu'es-tu devant Zorobabel ? une plaine. Ceux qui méprisaient le jour des petits commencements se réjouiront en voyant le fil à plomb dans les mains de Zorobabel » (Za 4:6 et suivant).

Il est probable que les passages relatifs au couronnement de l'homme dont le nom est « Germe », qui « construira le Temple de Jéhovah et siégera comme roi sur son trône », s'appliquaient dans le texte primitif à Zorobabel, car ces textes obscurs (Za 6) portent la trace de sérieux remaniements. D'après Ad. Lods, le sens originel du morceau Za 6:9-15 serait celui-ci : « Des Juifs de Babylonie avaient envoyé de l'or en offrande à Jérusalem : le prophète en fit une couronne pour Zorobabel. » (Lods, Les prophètes d'Israël, etc., p. 307).

Toute cette agitation autour du nom de Zorobabel, fils d'un roi rebelle et déporté, dut bien vite exciter les soupçons. On peut présumer que le chef des exilés, le restaurateur du culte, subit injustement le sort des prétendants malheureux, qu'il fut mis à mort ou qu'il alla terminer sa misérable vie dans quelque prison d'État à Suse ou ailleurs. Les prophètes se turent et les textes de Zacharie sous leur forme dernière reportèrent sur Josué les honneurs attribués d'abord à Zorobabel. Ne pouvant obtenir un État, les fils d'Israël se résignèrent à ne constituer qu'une Église.

Quand la critique moderne conteste l'historicité des événements du printemps 536, sous prétexte que le livre d'Aggée montrerait qu'aucun travail de reconstruction du sanctuaire n'avait été entrepris avant le temps de Darius I er (522), elle sollicite les textes. Rien, ni dans Esdras, ni dans Aggée, n'oblige de suspecter les indications précises dans lesquelles il est parlé d'une première tentative de restauration en 536. Alex. W.

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      1 Chroniques 3

      19 The sons of Pedaiah: Zerubbabel, and Shimei. The sons of Zerubbabel: Meshullam, and Hananiah; and Shelomith was their sister;

      Esdras 2

      2 who came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispar, Bigvai, Rehum, Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel:

      Esdras 3

      7 They also gave money to the masons, and to the carpenters. They also gave food, drink, and oil to the people of Sidon and Tyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea, to Joppa, according to the grant that they had from Cyrus King of Persia.
      13 so that the people could not discern the noise of the shout of joy from the noise of the weeping of the people; for the people shouted with a loud shout, and the noise was heard far away.

      Esdras 4

      4 Then the people of the land weakened the hands of the people of Judah, and troubled them in building,
      24 Then ceased the work of God's house which is at Jerusalem; and it ceased until the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia.

      Esdras 5

      1 Now the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied to the Jews who were in Judah and Jerusalem; in the name of the God of Israel they prophesied to them.
      2 Then rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and began to build God's house which is at Jerusalem; and with them were the prophets of God, helping them.
      3 At the same time came to them Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, and Shetharbozenai, and their companions, and said thus to them, "Who gave you a decree to build this house, and to finish this wall?"
      4 Then we told them in this way, what the names of the men were who were making this building.
      5 But the eye of their God was on the elders of the Jews, and they did not make them cease, until the matter should come to Darius, and then answer should be returned by letter concerning it.
      6 The copy of the letter that Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, and Shetharbozenai, and his companions the Apharsachites, who were beyond the River, sent to Darius the king;
      7 they sent a letter to him, in which was written thus: To Darius the king, all peace.
      8 Be it known to the king, that we went into the province of Judah, to the house of the great God, which is built with great stones, and timber is laid in the walls; and this work goes on with diligence and prospers in their hands.
      9 Then we asked those elders, and said to them thus, "Who gave you a decree to build this house, and to finish this wall?"
      10 We asked them their names also, to inform you that we might write the names of the men who were at their head.
      11 Thus they returned us answer, saying, "We are the servants of the God of heaven and earth, and are building the house that was built these many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and finished.
      12 But after that our fathers had provoked the God of heaven to wrath, he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house, and carried the people away into Babylon.
      13 But in the first year of Cyrus king of Babylon, Cyrus the king made a decree to build this house of God.
      14 The gold and silver vessels also of God's house, which Nebuchadnezzar took out of the temple that was in Jerusalem, and brought into the temple of Babylon, those Cyrus the king took out of the temple of Babylon, and they were delivered to one whose name was Sheshbazzar, whom he had made governor;
      15 and he said to him, 'Take these vessels, go, put them in the temple that is in Jerusalem, and let God's house be built in its place.'
      16 Then the same Sheshbazzar came, and laid the foundations of God's house which is in Jerusalem: and since that time even until now has it been in building, and yet it is not completed.
      17 Now therefore, if it seem good to the king, let a search be made in the king's treasure house, which is there at Babylon, whether it be so, that a decree was made of Cyrus the king to build this house of God at Jerusalem; and let the king send his pleasure to us concerning this matter."

      Esdras 6

      1 Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the archives, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon.
      2 There was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of Media, a scroll, and therein was thus written for a record:
      3 In the first year of Cyrus the king, Cyrus the king made a decree: Concerning God's house at Jerusalem, let the house be built, the place where they offer sacrifices, and let its foundations be strongly laid; its height sixty cubits, and its breadth sixty cubits;
      4 with three courses of great stones, and a course of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king's house.
      5 Also let the gold and silver vessels of God's house, which Nebuchadnezzar took forth out of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought to Babylon, be restored, and brought again to the temple which is at Jerusalem, everyone to its place; and you shall put them in God's house.
      6 Now therefore, Tattenai, governor beyond the River, Shetharbozenai, and your companions the Apharsachites, who are beyond the River, you must stay far from there.
      7 Leave the work of this house of God alone; let the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of God in its place.
      8 Moreover I make a decree what you shall do to these elders of the Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king's goods, even of the tribute beyond the River, expenses be given with all diligence to these men, that they be not hindered.
      9 That which they have need of, both young bulls, and rams, and lambs, for burnt offerings to the God of heaven; also wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the word of the priests who are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail;
      10 that they may offer sacrifices of pleasant aroma to the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king, and of his sons.
      11 Also I have made a decree, that whoever shall alter this word, let a beam be pulled out from his house, and let him be lifted up and fastened thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this:
      12 and the God who has caused his name to dwell there overthrow all kings and peoples who shall put forth their hand to alter the same, to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with all diligence.
      13 Then Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, Shetharbozenai, and their companions, because Darius the king had sent a decree, did accordingly with all diligence.
      14 The elders of the Jews built and prospered, through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. They built and finished it, according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the decree of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia.
      15 This house was finished on the third day of the month Adar, which was in the sixth year of the reign of Darius the king.
      16 The children of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the rest of the children of the captivity, kept the dedication of this house of God with joy.
      17 They offered at the dedication of this house of God one hundred bulls, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs; and for a sin offering for all Israel, twelve male goats, according to the number of the tribes of Israel.
      18 They set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in their courses, for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is written in the book of Moses.
      19 The children of the captivity kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month.
      20 For the priests and the Levites had purified themselves together; all of them were pure: and they killed the Passover for all the children of the captivity, and for their brothers the priests, and for themselves.
      21 The children of Israel who had come again out of the captivity, and all such as had separated themselves to them from the filthiness of the nations of the land, to seek Yahweh, the God of Israel, ate,
      22 and kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with joy: for Yahweh had made them joyful, and had turned the heart of the king of Assyria to them, to strengthen their hands in the work of God's house, the God of Israel.

      Jérémie 20

      10 For I have heard the defaming of many, terror on every side. Denounce, and we will denounce him, say all my familiar friends, those who watch for my fall; perhaps he will be persuaded, and we shall prevail against him, and we shall take our revenge on him.

      Jérémie 22

      24 As I live, says Yahweh, though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah were the signet on my right hand, yet would I pluck you there;

      Aggée 2

      3 'Who is left among you who saw this house in its former glory? How do you see it now? Isn't it in your eyes as nothing?
      21 "Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, saying, 'I will shake the heavens and the earth.
      23 In that day, says Yahweh of Armies, will I take you, Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel,' says Yahweh, 'and will make you as a signet, for I have chosen you,' says Yahweh of Armies."

      Zacharie 4

      6 Then he answered and spoke to me, saying, "This is the word of Yahweh to Zerubbabel, saying, 'Not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit,' says Yahweh of Armies.

      Zacharie 6

      1 Again I lifted up my eyes, and saw, and behold, four chariots came out from between two mountains; and the mountains were mountains of brass.
      2 In the first chariot were red horses; in the second chariot black horses;
      3 in the third chariot white horses; and in the fourth chariot dappled horses, all of them powerful.
      4 Then I asked the angel who talked with me, "What are these, my lord?"
      5 The angel answered me, "These are the four winds of the sky, which go forth from standing before the Lord of all the earth.
      6 The one with the black horses goes out toward the north country; and the white went out after them; and the dappled went forth toward the south country."
      7 The strong went out, and sought to go that they might walk back and forth through the earth: and he said, "Go around and through the earth!" So they walked back and forth through the earth.
      8 Then he called to me, and spoke to me, saying, "Behold, those who go toward the north country have quieted my spirit in the north country."
      9 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying,
      10 "Take of them of the captivity, even of Heldai, of Tobijah, and of Jedaiah; and come the same day, and go into the house of Josiah the son of Zephaniah, where they have come from Babylon.
      11 Yes, take silver and gold, and make crowns, and set them on the head of Joshua the son of Jehozadak, the high priest;
      12 and speak to him, saying, 'Thus says Yahweh of Armies, "Behold, the man whose name is the Branch: and he shall grow up out of his place; and he shall build Yahweh's temple;
      13 even he shall build Yahweh's temple; and he shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule on his throne; and he shall be a priest on his throne; and the counsel of peace shall be between them both.
      14 The crowns shall be to Helem, and to Tobijah, and to Jedaiah, and to Hen the son of Zephaniah, for a memorial in Yahweh's temple.
      15 Those who are far off shall come and build in Yahweh's temple; and you shall know that Yahweh of Armies has sent me to you. This will happen, if you will diligently obey the voice of Yahweh your God ."'"
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